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Lesson 6.3

This document is a lesson on logarithms and logarithmic functions, focusing on understanding their definitions, properties, and how to graph them. It includes examples of rewriting logarithmic and exponential equations, evaluating logarithmic expressions, and using inverse properties. The lesson also emphasizes the relationship between logarithmic and exponential functions and provides practice problems for students.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views28 pages

Lesson 6.3

This document is a lesson on logarithms and logarithmic functions, focusing on understanding their definitions, properties, and how to graph them. It includes examples of rewriting logarithmic and exponential equations, evaluating logarithmic expressions, and using inverse properties. The lesson also emphasizes the relationship between logarithmic and exponential functions and provides practice problems for students.

Uploaded by

Kbuglegofan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 6.

3
Logarithms and
Logarithmic Functions
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Warm-Up

Solve the equation.

8x = 1

4x =

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Learning Target:
Understand logarithms and graph logarithmic functions.

Success Criteria:
• I can explain the meaning of a logarithm with base b.
• I can evaluate logarithmic expressions.
• I can graph logarithmic functions.

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Explore It! Understanding Logarithmic Functions
Work with a partner.

log2 8 = 3 log3 27 = ______


a. Look for a pattern and complete each statement.

log5 25 = 2 log2 32 = ______


log10 1000 = 3 log4 64 = ______
log7 49 = ______ log2 = ______

b. Use your results in part (a) to describe the relationship among the values of b, x, and y

logb y = x
in the equation shown.

c. Use your results above to complete the table of values.


x 1000
log10 x −2 −1 0 1 2 3

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Explore It! Understanding Logarithmic Functions

Work with a partner.


d. Plot the points (x, log10 x) from part (c). Draw a smooth curve through
the points. Make several observations about the graph.

RELATE
CONCEPTS
How can you use the
graph of an exponential
function to sketch the
graph of a logarithmic
function?

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Logarithms
You know that 22 = 4 and 23 = 8. However, for what value of x
does 2x = 6? Mathematicians define this x-value using a logarithm
and write x = log2 6. The definition of a logarithm can be
Vocabulary
logarithm of y with base b,
p. 328 generalized
common logarithm, p. 329 as follows.
natural logarithm, p. 329

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KEY
IDEA

Definition of Logarithm with Base b


Let b and y be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1. The logarithm of y with base b
is denoted by logb y and is defined as

logb y = x if and only if bx = y.

equations logb y = x and bx = y are equivalent. The first is in logarithmic form,


The expression logb y is read as “log base b of y.” This definition tells you that the

and the second is in exponential form.

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Example 1 Rewriting Logarithmic Equations

Rewrite each equation in exponential form.

a. log2 16 4 b. log4 1 0 c. log12 12 1 d. log1/4 4 1

SOLUTION
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form

a. log2 16 4 24 16

b. log4 1 0 40 1

c. log12 12 1 121 12

4
d. log1/4 4 1

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Example 2 Rewriting Exponential Equations

Rewrite each equation in logarithmic form.

a. 5 25
2
b. 10 0.1
1 c. 8 2/3
4 d. 63

SOLUTION

Exponential Form Logarithmic Form

a. 52 25
log5 25 2
b. 101 0.1
log10 0.1 1

c. 82/3 4 log8 4

d. 63 log6 3

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Rewrite the equation in exponential form.

1. log3 81 = 4 2. log7 7 = 1

3. log14 1 = 0 4. log1/2 32 = −5

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Rewrite the equation in logarithmic form.

5. 72 = 49 6. 500 = 1

7. 4−1 =
8. 2561/8 = 2

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you should learn to recognize. Let b be a positive real number such that b ≠
Parts (b) and (c) of Example 1 illustrate two special logarithm values that

1.
Logarithm of 1 Logarithm of b with Base b
logb 1 = 0 because b0 = 1. logb b = 1 because b1 = b.

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Example 3 Evaluating Logarithmic Expressions

Evaluate each logarithm.

a. log4 64 b. log5 0.2 c. log1/5 125 d. log36 6


SOLUTION
To help you find the value of logb y, ask yourself what power of b gives you y.

a. What power of 4 gives you 64? 43 64, so log4 64 3.

b. What power of 5 gives you 51 0.2, so log5 0.2 1.


0.2?
c. What power of gives you 125? 3
125, so log1/5 125 3.

361/2 6, so log36 6 .
d. What power of 36 gives you 6?

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A common logarithm is a logarithm with base 10. It is denoted by log10 or
simply by log. A natural logarithm is a logarithm with base e. It can be
denoted by loge but is usually denoted by ln.
Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm
log10 x = log x loge x = ln x

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Example 4 Evaluating Common and Natural Logarithms

Evaluate (a) log 8 and (b) ln 0.3 using technology. Round your answer to
three decimal places.

SOLUTION
Check
Rewrite each logarithm
in exponential form and
a. log 8 0.903
evaluate.
b. ln 0.3 1.204

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Evaluate the logarithm. If necessary, use technology and round your answer to three
decimal places.

9. log2 32 10. log27 3

11. log 12 12. ln 0.75

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13. Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What power of 4 gives you 16? What is log base 4 of 16?

Evaluate 42. Evaluate log4 16.

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Using Inverse Properties
By the definition of logarithm, it follows that the logarithmic function g(x) = logb x is
the inverse of the exponential function f(x) = bx. This means that
g(f(x)) = logb bx = x and f(g(x)) = blogb x = x.

In other words, exponential functions and logarithmic functions “undo” each other.

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Example 5 Using Inverse Properties

Simplify (a) 10log 4 and (b) log5 25x.

SOLUTION

a. 10log 4 = 4 blogb x = x

b. log5 25x = log5(52)x Express 25 as a power with base 5.

= log5 52x Power of a Power Property

= 2x logb bx = x

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Example 6 Finding Inverse Functions
Find the inverse of each function.
a. f(x) 6x b. f(x) ln(x 3)
SOLUTION
a. From the definition of logarithm, the inverse of f(x) 6x is f -1(x) log6 x.
b. Set y equal to f(x). Switch the roles of x and y and solve for y.
y ln(x 3) Set y equal to f(x).
x ln(y 3) Switch x and y.
STUDY TIP ex y 3 Write in exponential form.
ln x, x = loge(y + 3).
From the definition of ex 3 y Subtract 3 from each side.
The inverse of f is f -1(x) ex 3.
In exponential form,

ex = y + 3.
this is written as
Check a. f(f -1(x)) 6log6 x x ✓
f -1(f(x)) log6 6x x ✓
b. f(f -1(x)) ln(ex 3 3) ln ex x ✓
f -1(f(x)) e ln(x + 3) 3 x 3 3 x ✓
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Simplify the expression.

14. 8log8 x 15. log7 7−3x

16. log2 64x 17. eln 20

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18. Find the inverse of (a) f(x) = 4x and (b) f(x) = ln(x − 5).

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Graphing Logarithmic Functions
You can use the inverse relationship between exponential and logarithmic functions to
graph logarithmic functions.

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KEY
IDEA

Graphing Logarithmic Functions


The graph of f(x) = logb x is shown below for b > 1 and for 0 < b < 1. Because f(x) = logb x
and g(x) = bx are inverse functions, you can graph f by reversing coordinates of points on
the graph of g. The graph of f is the reflection of the graph of g in the line y = x.

Graph of f(x) = logb x for b > 1 Graph of f(x) = logb x for 0 < b < 1

Note that the y-axis is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f(x) = logb x. The domain of
f(x) = logb x is (0, ∞), and the range is (−∞, ∞).

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Example 7 Graphing a Logarithmic Function
Graph f(x) log3 x. Determine when the function is positive, negative,
increasing, or decreasing. Then describe the end behavior of the function.
SOLUTION
f-1(x) 3x
Step 1 Make a table of values for x 2 1 0 1
f. From the definition of
logarithm, the inverse of f(x) 1 3
f(x) log3 x is f(x) 3x.

f(x) log3 x Step 2 Make a table of values for f. x 1 3


Reverse the coordinates of
f(x) 2 1 0 1
the points represented by
the table in Step 1.

Step 3 Plot the points from each table.


Connect each set of points with a
smooth curve.

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Example 7 Graphing a Logarithmic Function
Graph f(x) log3 x. Determine when the function is positive, negative,
increasing, or decreasing. Then describe the end behavior of the function.
SOLUTION
Positive and Negative: The x-intercept is 1. The
f-1(x) 3x
function is negative when 0 x1 and positive when x
1.

f(x) log3 x Increasing and Decreasing: The graph has an asymptote of


y 0. The function increases over its entire domain, x 0.

End Behavior: From the graph, you can see that y as x 0


and y as x .

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19. Graph (a) y = log2 x and (b) y = log1/2 x. Determine when each function is positive,
negative, increasing, or decreasing. Then describe the end behavior of each function.

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In-Class
Mini-Assessment
Practice

1. Rewrite 274/3 = 81 in logarithmic form.


2. Evaluate log8 2.

3. Simplify log3 27x.

4. Find the inverse of f(x) = ln(x − 2).


5. Graph f(x) = log1/6 x. Determine when the function is positive,
negative, increasing, or decreasing. Then describe the end behavior of
the function.

©Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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