Introduction to Operating

System

Presented By :
Arpan
Bhattacharya
Introduction to Operating
Operating System lies in the category of system software. It
System:
basically manages all the resources of the computer. An operating
system acts as an interface between the software and different
parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The operating
system is designed in such a way that it can manage the overall
resources and operations of the computer.
Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs
that handle all the operations of the computer. It controls and
monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the
computer, which also includes application programs and other
system software of the computer. Examples of Operating Systems
are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.
What is an Operating System
Used
The for?
operating system helps in improving the computer software as
well as hardware. Without OS, it became very difficult for any
application to be user-friendly. The Operating System provides a
user with an interface that makes any application attractive and
user-friendly. The operating System comes with a large number of
device drivers that make OS services reachable to the hardware
environment. Each and every application present in the system
requires the Operating System. The operating system works as a
communication channel between system hardware and system
software. The operating system helps an application with the
hardware part without knowing about the actual hardware
configuration. It is one of the most important parts of the system
 Functions of an Operating System :
1 Resource Management :
2 Process Management : 3 Memory Management :
The operating system The operating system is The operating system manages
manages and allocates responsible for starting, the computer’s primary memory
memory, CPU time, and stopping, and managing and provides mechanisms for
other hardware resources processes and programs. It also optimizing memory usage.
among the various programs controls the scheduling of
and processes running on processes and allocates
4 Security :
5
the computer.
The operating system
Job Accounting
resources to them. : 6 System Calls :
provides a secure It keeps track of time and System calls provide a
environment for the user, resources used by various jobs standardized interface between
applications, and data by
or users. applications and the operating
implementing security policies
and mechanisms such as system, enabling portability and
access controls and compatibility across different
encryption.
hardware and software
7 User Interface : 8 Virtualization : 9 File Management :
platforms.
The operating system provides The operating system is
a user interface that enables Virtualization capabilities allow
users to interact with the multiple operating systems or responsible for organizing and
computer system. applications to run on a single managing the file system,
physical machine. including the creation, deletion,
Types of Operating Systems :
Single-user OS : Real-time OS :
Single-User Operating Systems are Real-time Operating System is a
designed to support a single user at a type of operating system that serves
time. Examples include Microsoft a real-time system and the time
Windows for personal computers and interval required to process and
Apple macOS. respond to inputs is very small. They
are used in applications that require
Multi-user OS : quick and deterministic responses,
Multi-User Operating Systems are
such as embedded systems,
designed to support multiple users
industrial control systems, and
simultaneously. Examples include
robotics.
Linux and Unix.

Embedded OS :
Embedded Operating Systems are
designed to run on devices with
limited resources, such as
smartphones, wearable devices, and
household appliances. Examples
Evolution of Operating Systems
1 Mainframe Era
Early mainframe operating systems were batch-oriented
and lacked interactivity.

2 Personal Computer Era

Introduction of GUI-based operating systems like Windows
and Macintosh.

3 Mobile & Cloud Era

Development of OS for smartphones, tablets, and cloud
computing environments.
Key Components of an Operating
System :
Kernel Device Drivers Shell
The core of the OS that Enable communication Provides the command-
manages memory and between hardware line interface for users
CPU time. devices and the OS. to interact with the OS.
File System Management :
File Creation and Deletion
Creating, deleting, and managing files and directories.

Access Control
Controls who can access and modify files and resources.

Data Integrity
Ensures the accuracy and consistency of data stored on disks.
Conclusio
n between
:
In conclusion, operating systems serve as the backbone of computing, bridging the interaction
users and hardware. Operating systems are crucial for the functioning of modern
computing devices. Understanding their functions, types, and management is fundamental for
computer science learners and practitioners They efficiently manage resources, provide a user-
friendly interface, ensure security, and support a wide range of applications. Operating systems
have evolved significantly over time, adapting to changing computing paradigms. Today, they
are indispensable for the seamless functioning of computers, playing a crucial role in optimizing
performance and enhancing user experience.
Reference :
• Operating System Concepts_8th_EditionA4 (Silberschatz, Galvin, Gagne)
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-an-operating-system/?ref=lbp
• https://byjus.com/govt-exams/operating-system-introduction/
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YOU