P&ID

PREPARED BY:

VAS
INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS
AND TERMINOLOGY
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A PROCESS CONTROL LOOP

UPSETS OR DISTURBANCES

MANIPULATED CONTROLLED
VARIABLE VARIABLE

PROCESS
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A PROCESS CONTROL LOOP

UPSETS OR DISTURBANCES

MANIPULATED CONTROLLED
VARIABLE VARIABLE
PROCESS

FINAL CONTROL
SENSOR
ELEMENT

CONTROLLER TRANSMITTER

RECORDER
INDICATOR

ALARMS
INTERLOCKS
 SYMBOLS AND DIAGRAMS

 ISA standard symbols and diagrams are

used in process control to illustrate the
application of hardware, type of signal
employed, sequence of interconnected
components and to some extent, the kind
of hardware used.
 P&ID
Process & Instrumentation Diagram, sometimes called
Piping and Instrument Diagram, is a diagramatic
representation of the control system showing the plant
equipment and the instruments and their relationship to
each other. ISA ( Instrument Society of America ) symbols
are used to show the instrument function.
 INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION

- We identify instruments by their tag

numbers.

- This number is usually assigned by the

instrument engineer during the design stage
of the plant or particular loop.

- These tag numbers expedite the

purchasing and have many other uses most
specially in keeping of maintenance records.

- Tag numbers identify both the process

variable, which the instrument is measuring,
and the loop and in plant in which it is
located.
Example:

Loop
Power Plant
Number
Number

36 TIC 673 A

Controller receives from

Temperature Temperature Transmitter ‘A’
Indicating
Controller

This describes a Temperature Indicating Controller, belonging to

Loop No. 673 located at Plant No. 36 ( Power Plant ). The suffix
‘A’ if used, means this controller receives signal from two
separate Temperature Transmitters. One of them would be
tagged as 36 TIC 673A and the other would be 36 TIC 673B.
 In drawings, the tag numbers are placed in circles 10 mm in diameter. These circles
are called balloons. A horizontal solid line drawn across the center indicates a board-
mounted or panel mounted instrument, while a balloon without a centerline identifies a
local or field mounted instrument. If the instrument is mounted behind or at the back of the
panel a horizontal dashed line at the center is placed.

EXAMPLES:

36 TIC 36 TIC
36 TIC 673 A 673 A
673 A

Local / Field Mounted Board/Panel Mounted Located Behind the Panel

 How to read P&IDs
 Discrete instruments are indicated by circular elements.

Shared control/display elements are circles surrounded

by a square.
Computer functions are indicted by a hexagon.
Programmable logic controller (PLC) functions are shown as a
triangle inside a square.
 How to read P&IDs
 Adding a single horizontal bar across any of the four
graphical elements indicates the function resides in the
primary location category.
 A double line indicates an auxiliary location, and no line
places the device or function in the field.
 Devices located behind a panel-board in some other
inaccessible location are shown with a dashed horizontal line
 How to read P&IDs
 Letter and number combinations appear inside each graphical
element and letter combinations are defined by the ISA standard.
Numbers are user assigned and schemes vary with some companies
use of sequential numbering, others tie the instrument number to
the process line number, and still others adopt unique and
sometimes unusual numbering systems.
 The first letter defines the measured or initiating variables such as
Analysis (A), Flow (F), Temperature (T), etc. with succeeding letters
defining readout, passive, or output functions such as Indicator (I),
Record (R), Transmit (T), and so forth.
How to read P&IDs
How to read P&IDs
 Single-Loop Control System

LV

Actuator
(Control Valve)

d/p cell

LIC
LT SP

LEVEL LOOP Level Controller

INTPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS

FE FV IP

FT

FLOW LOOP
FIC
 Heat Exchanger with Cascade Loop

Product
TE
TT

Primary
Controller
TRC
SP

SP

Secondary FIC
Controller

FT
FV
Input
Burners
Actuator
Fuel
(Control Valve)
 FQC FQC
solenoid valve

FT FT
FE FV FV FE

ingrediaent - A ingrediaent - B
900 cc/min 100 cc/min

BATCH CONTROL
 Costly & Small in Quantity
Example :

Controlled Stream
100 cc/min
FE I
P FV
FT

Input 2

FRC
SP = 9:1

Input 1
FT

FE

900 cc/min

Wild Stream

CONTINUOUS CONTROL
 Steam

Boiler Feed Water Flow

I
LT
P LV

LIC

1 - ELEMENT
 How to read P&IDs
Referring to the Example P&ID diagram, FT 101
represents a field-mounted flow transmitter
connected via electrical signals (dotted line) to
flow indicating controller FIC 101 located in a
shared control/display device. A square root
extraction of the input signal is applied as part of
FIC 101's functionality. The output of FIC 101 is
an electrical signal to TY 101 located in an
inaccessible or behind-the-panel-board location.
The output signal from TY 101 is a pneumatic
signal (line with double forward slash marks)
making TY 101 an I/P (current to pneumatic
transducer). TT 101 and TIC 101 are similar to FT
101 and FIC 101 but are measuring, indicating,
and controlling temperature. TIC 101's output is
connected via an internal software or data link
(line with bubbles) to the setpoint (SP) of FIC 101
to form a cascade control strategy.
 How to read P&IDs
 Often P&ID's include a cover page where common and typical terms,
symbols, numbering systems, etc., are defined. On the example, Typical YIC
would likely appear on the cover page and the simplified form of YIC would
appear throughout the P&IDs.
 Typical YIC indicates an on/off valve is controlled by a solenoid valve and is
fitted with limit switches to indicate open (ZSH) and closed (ZSL) positions.
All inputs and outputs are wired to a PLC that's accessible to the operator
(diamond in a square with a solid horizontal line). The letter 'Y' indicates an
event, state, or presence. The letter 'I' depicts indication is provided, and
the letter 'C' means control takes place in this device.
 How to read P&IDs
 Adherence to ISA's S5.1 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
standard ensures a consistent, system independent means of
communicating instrumentation, control, and automation intent is
developed for everyone to understand.
SINGLE ELEMENT

The “Single Element” control contains a single loop compound of :

- a level transmitter ( d/p cell )

- a level indicating controller

- a control valve

This simple loop will serve very well for relatively small packaged
boilers. However, for medium sized boilers, you would need a two (2)
element boiler feed water control for better stability.
 Steam
SWELL = Pressure decrease, greater flow
SHRINK = Pressure high, lower flow 
FT
FE

SWELL
Boiler Feed Water Flow

LT
I
P LV SHRINK



LIC

2 - ELEMENT

• The rationale behind this • Takes care of the unique “shrink

scheme is that for every pound and swell” phenomena occurring in
steam produced it has to be boilers during abrupt changes in
replaced with a pound of water. “demand load”.
2 – ELEMENT

The 2 – element control consists of two measurement loops; the drum level loop
and the steam flow rate. It is composed of :

- a level transmitter ( d/p cell )

- a flow transmitter
- an orifice plate
- a summer / multiplier divider

- a level indicating controller

- a control valve
• The rationale behind this scheme is that for every pound steam produced it
has to be replaced with a pound of water.

• Takes care of the unique “shrink and swell” phenomena occurring in boilers
during abrupt changes in “demand load”.

( The “shrink” phenomena occurs when there is a sudden reduction in steam

demand / usage thereby producing our increase of pressure inside the steam
drum and subsequently an apparent decrease in level. On the other hand, an
increase in steam demand will produce a “swell” due to decrease in pressure
inside the drum, with a corresponding increase in level momentarily. )

Thus, the 2 – element control will help stabilize the system in spite of the
varying demands or usage of steam.
 Steam

FT
FE


Boiler Feed Water Flow

LG

FE FT
I
P FV
LT


FR

FR LR


FY

FIC

3 - ELEMENT

For very large boilers, another loop has to be added to take care of
the varying input pressure of the feed water. This is the 3 –
element Boiler Drum Level Control.
3 – ELEMENT

For very large boilers, another loop has to be added to take care of
the varying input pressure of the feed water. This is the 3 –
element Boiler Drum Level Control.
Exercise 1:

1. Field-mounted Level Indicating Controller, loop no. 056

2. DCS Flow Indicating Controller, loop no. 200

3. Thermocouple-K type Temperature Sensor with Well, loop no. 039

4. Pneumatic, diaphragm-actuated, fail-closed control valve, loop no. 342

5. Field-mounted pressure transmitter, loop no. 897

6. Field-mounted temperature indicator, loop no. 934

Exercise 2 :