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Topic1 LoadAndStress

The document covers fundamental concepts of static failure prevention in mechanical engineering, focusing on load and stress analysis. It discusses Newton's laws of motion, equilibrium, free-body diagrams, and various types of stress including normal, shear, bending, and torsion stress. Additionally, it addresses stress concentration effects and provides exercises for practical application of the concepts presented.

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Ruby Rose
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16 views41 pages

Topic1 LoadAndStress

The document covers fundamental concepts of static failure prevention in mechanical engineering, focusing on load and stress analysis. It discusses Newton's laws of motion, equilibrium, free-body diagrams, and various types of stress including normal, shear, bending, and torsion stress. Additionally, it addresses stress concentration effects and provides exercises for practical application of the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

Ruby Rose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

9th Edition in SI units


Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett

TOPIC 1
Design of
Static Failure Prevention 1:
Load and Stress
Prepared by
Afandi Dzakaria
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NEWTON FIRST LAW

• An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion


stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless disturbed by an external force.
• Inertial concept and simply termed as the Law of
Inertia.
• Mathematically, Ʃ F = 0.

2
NEWTON SECOND LAW

• Momentum, Ʃ M = mv.
• Force is momentum change rate.
• Force, Ʃ F = ma.

3
NEWTON THIRD LAW
• For every action there is an equal
(magnitude) and opposite (direction)
reaction.

4
EQUILIBRIUM

• Equilibrium
A system with zero acceleration is said to be in
equilibrium, if that
system is motionless or, at most, has constant velocity.

• Free-Body Diagram
Free-body diagrams help simplifying the analysis of a very
complex
structure or machine by successively isolating each
element and
then studying and analyzing it.

5
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

• Determine all the reaction forces at the


supported point.

(a) Simple Support

(b) Built-in Support

6
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

• Determine all the reaction forces at the


supported point.

7
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

• Determine all the reaction forces at the


supported point, O.

8
NORMAL STRESS

• The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is


frequently made in design. The result is then often called
pure tension, pure compression, or pure shear.
• The stress  is said to be uniformly distributed with

This assumption of uniform stress distribution requires that :


– The bar be straight and of a homogeneous material
– The line of action of the force contains the centroid of the section
– The section be taken remote from the ends and from any
discontinuity or abrupt change in cross section

9
TRANVERSE SHEAR STRESS

• Direct shear is usually assumed to be uniform across the


cross section, and is given by
V
ave 
A

• The assumption of uniform stress is not accurate,


particularly in the vicinity where the force is applied, but
the assumption generally gives acceptable results.

10
TRANVERSE SHEAR STRESS

11
TRANVERSE SHEAR STRESS

12
BENDING STRESS

where Z = I/c is called the section modulus

13
TORSION STRESS

The angle of twist, in radians, for a solid round


bar
where,
T = torque , l = length,
G = modulus of rigidity
J = polar second moment of
area Solid
Shaft
Hollow Shaft

where,
H = power, hp ,T = torque, lbf · in ,
n = shaft speed, rev/min , F = force, lbf ,V =
velocity, ft/min
14
TORSION STRESS

15
STRESS ELEMENT
• Determine all the element stresses.

16
MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS

17
MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS

18
Example 2.0:

19
Example 2.0: …cont

20
Example 2.0: …cont

21
Example 2.0: …cont

22
Shear Force and Bending Moments

• If a beam with supports is cut at some section located at


x=x1 and the left-hand portion is removed as a free body,
an internal shear force V and bending moment M must
act on the cut surface to ensure equilibrium.
• Shear force and bending moment are related by the
equation

23
Shear Force and Bending Moments

24
Shear Force and Bending Moments

25
Shear Force and Bending Moments

26
Shear Force and Bending Moments

27
Example 2.1:

28
Example 2.1:

29
Example 2.1:

30
Example 2.1:

31
Static Stress Concentration Effect
• Any discontinuity in a machine part alters the stress
distribution in the neighborhood of the discontinuity so that
the elementary stress equations no longer describe the state
of stress in the part at these locations.
• Stress concentrations can arise from some irregularity not
inherent in the member, such as tool marks, holes, notches,
grooves, or threads.

32
Static Stress Concentration Factor, Kt

• A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor Kt or Kts

33
Static Stress Concentration, Kt

34
Standards SI Prefixes

35
Unit Conversion Factor

36
Unit for Stress

37
Exercises 1.1:
• Sketch a free body diagram of each element in the figure. Compute the
magnitude and direction of each force using an algebraic or vector
method, as specified.

38
Exercises 1.2:
• A pin in a knuckle joint carrying a tensile load F deflects somewhat on account of this
loading, making the distribution of reaction and load as shown in part (b) of the figure.
A common simplification is to assume uniform load distributions, as shown in part (c).
To further simplify, designers may consider replacing the distributed loads with point
loads, such as in the models shown in parts d and e. If a = 12 mm, b = 18 mm, d =12
mm and F = 4 kN, estimate the maximum bending stress and the maximum shear
stress due to V for the three simplified models. Compare the three models from a
designers’s perspective in terms of accuracy, safety and modeling time.

39
Exercises 1.3:
• (i) Draw shear force diagram and bending moment diagram. (ii) Determine
the critical point. (iii) Determine the principal stress and maximum shear
stress

40
Exercises 1.4:
• If Fy = 800 N (i) Determine the precise location of the critical stress element. (ii) Sketch
the critical stress element and determine magnitudes and directions for all stresses acting
on it. (iii) For the critical stress element, determine the principal stress and maximum
shear stress.

41

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