Data

communication
Data communication is the process of sending or
receiving digital data between two or more computer
via transmission medium such as a wire cable and
wireless.
Components of data
communication
• 1. Message
• 2. sender
• 3. Receiver
• 4. Transmission medium
• 5. Protocols
Communication
Mode( Transmission Mode)
• Transmission mode means transferring of data
between two devices connected over a network . It
is also known as Mode of Communication.
Types of Transmission
Mode
• 1. Simplex mode
• 2. Half- Duplex
• 3. full Duplex

• 1. Simplex Mode :- In this mode of communication

data can be sent only one direction (uni-
directional).
• Exp. Loudspeaker, Keyboard, moniter
• 2. Half-duplex mode
• In this mode of communication a sender can send
the data as well as receivers the data but not at the
same time
• Exp. Walkie-Talkie.
• Full Duplex Mode
• In this mode of communication the sender can
send as well as receive the data on the other hand
the receiver can receive as well as send the data at
the same time.
• Exp. Moblie
Data Transmission
• Data transmission refers to the process of
transferring the data between two or more digital
devices in analog and digital format. This data is
transferred in the form of bits.
• Types of Data Transmission
• Parallel
• Serial
Parallel Data Transmission
• Parallel data transmission sends multiple data bits
at the same time over multiple channels.
Serial data transmission
• Serial data transmission send data bits one after
another over a single channel.

1. Synchronous: In Synchronous transmission , a lot

of data is sent in a block each block has many
characters.
Asynchronous
• In asynchronous transmission only one character is
sent at a time weather that a character is number
or alphabet
• It uses start and stop bits for transferring data
Computer network
• A group of computer which are connected to each
other for the purpose of sharing their resource is
called computer network
• .First computer network:-ARPANET
• ARPANET:- Advanced research projects agency
network
Characteristic of computer network

• 1.Resources sharing
• 2. Communication speed
• 3. Backup
• 4. reliability
• 5. S/W and H/W Sharing
• 6. Security
• 7. scalability
What is internet?
• It is global network of computers to exchange
information .
• It is a “network of network” that includes millioins
of private and public, academic, business,
government networks( Local and global) linked by
copper wires wireless connections, and other
technologies.
Applications of internet
• Download programs and files.
• E-mail
• Voice and video conferencing
• E-commerce
• File Sharing
• Information browsing
• Chatting and many more…….
What is intranet?
• Internal company network that uses internet
standards( html, HTTP, and TCP/TC protocols) and
software .
• Accessed only by authorized persons, especially
members or employees of the organization.
Application of interanet
• Sharing of company policies' /rules and regulations
• Access employee database
• Distribution of office orders
• Sharing of information of common interest.
• Submission o reports
• Corporate telephone directories
Types of network

• 1. PAN :- Personal area network

• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network for
interconnecting electronic devices within an individual
person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission
among devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets
and personal digital assistants.
• Its rang only 10 meter.
2. LAN :- Local Area
Network
• A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices
connected together in one physical location, such
as a building, office, or home.
• Its range 150 meters
MAN :- Metropolitan Area
Network
• MAN or Metropolitan area Network covers a larger
area than that covered by a LAN and a smaller area
as compared to WAN. MAN has a range of 5-50km.
It connects two or more computers that are apart
but reside in the same or different cities.
WAN:- Wide area network
• Wide area network (WAN) is a computer network
that covers a large geographical area comprising a
region, a country or even the whole world.
Advantages of Disadvantages of
Networking Networking
• Open to everyone • Networking device
• File Sharing required
• Security • Virus attack
• Easy to add new • Required handler
devices • High speed internet
• Backup and storage • server
.
Topology
The physical arrangement
of the computer system/
node, which is connected to
each other via
communication medium is
called topology.
Types of topology

Types of Topology
1. Bus topology
2.Ring topology
3. star topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Hybrid Topology
Bus Topology
In Bus topology, one long cable
acts as a single communication
channel & all the devices are
connected to this cable.
Advantage of Bus topology
1. Easy to add and remove
nodes in a network.
2. Required only cable
3. It is less Expensive
4. It broadcast the message to
each device which are
connected through the cable.
5. It is easy to maintain.
6. In case of any computer
failure,, there will be no effect
on the other devices.
Disadvantage
1. if cable is fail then the entire
network will be failed
2. The messages are broadcast
so, we cant send and private
message.
3. It takes more time to pass the
message from one place to
another place.
4. The length of cable is limited.
5. In this topology data
transmitted only one direction.
2. Ring Topology
It is called ring topology
because it forms a ring. In
this topology each node is
strongly connected with its
adjacent node.
Advantage of Ring Topology
1. it forms a strong network
2. Each on every node can
share data with another node
connected through a ring
topology
3. Transmission rate of data is
very speed.
Disadvantage of Ring Topology
1. It is very difficult task to add some
new computer
2. If we want to send data from a
source to destination machine then
data will unnecessary passed to all
nodes.
3. Single point failure, that means if a
node goes down entire network goes
down.
4. it is very difficult to recover the ring
topology if any particular machine is
not working properly.
5. we Can’t send private messages.
Star Topology
in star topology all Nodes are
connected with a central
devices called HUB and Switch.
And the sharing of data is only
possible through HUB
Advantage of Star Topology
1. It broadcast the massages
2. It is less expensive due to
less cable.
3. Easy to connect new nodes
without affecting rest of the
network.
4. If one node failed then is
would not be failure of entire
network.
Disadvantage of Star Topology
1. In this Topology we must
required a network device like
HUB Switch etc.
2. If two nodes want to share
the date sharing is only
possible through HUB.
3. If HUB is failed the entire
network will be failed.
4. We can’t Send private data
Mesh Topology
In this topology each and
every computer is directly
connected with each other
so we can directly send the
data to the destination
machine without to
intermediate machine
Advantages of mesh topology
1. it is very good topology to send the private
massages.
2.All nodes are directly associated with another node
so, it provide point to point connection
3. unlike ring topology if a particular machine is failed
then entire network will not fail
4. Traffic is carried only two devices or nodes to
which is connected
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
1. Overall cost of this network is
too high
2.It is very difficult to add some
new node became each an
every computer directly
connected with another one.
3. If a particular machine not
working then, we can’t send or
receive data from the failure
machine.
Tree Topology
In this topology all the nodes are
connected like a branches of tree. The
combination of BUS & STAR Topology is
called tree
Advantage of tree topology
1. Point-to-Point Wiring for
individual segments
2. Supported by several
hardware and software
3. Network can be easily
extended.
Disadvantages of a Tree
topology
1. Use large cable length
2. If the backbone line
breaks, the entire segment
goes down.
More difficult to configure and
wire than other topologies.
Hybrid topology
Combination of various different topology is called
hybrid topology.
Network Protocol

Protocol is a “ set of rules”

Which are used in digital
communication to connect
network device and exchange
information between them
Types of Protocol
1. TCP/IP
2.HTTP
3.SMTP
4.POP
5.IMAP
6.UDP
7.PPP
8. FTP
TCP
TCP stands for transmission control protocol where as IP stands for internet
protocol.
TCP is used to transfer the data over the internet. It divides the data into
small packets and sends it to the destination through the network.
While IP is used for addressing through which data reaches final destination.
HTTP
HTTP is an application
protocol that is used in the
address bar of the web
browser before www .
Whenever we search
anything the address bar of
browser so it bring that
website in front of us.
FTP
FTP stands for file transfer
protocol. It is used to transfer
the file from server too client
machine and vice-versa.
It uses the TCP/IP protocol to
enable data transfer.
SMTP
SMTP stands for “simple mail
transfer protocol. It is used to
send and received the emails in
the network
There are two more protocol
uses with SMTP (POP and
IMAP).
All these protocol work with the
help of TCP/IP.
POP
POP stands for post office
protocol. It is a mail box which
is actually a messege access
protocol through which a user
can fetch the email file the
server.
POP protocol works up on
TCP/IP protocol and help SMTP
protocol from end to the
communication.
IMAP
IMAP stands for internet mail
access protocol. It is also a
mail box which is actually an
improvement version of POP.
By using IMAP the mail
advance is we can retrieve
our deleted email from the
server.
PPP
PPP stands for point to point protocol. It is used to
transfer data between two directly connected
devices.
UDP
UDP stands for user datagram
protocol. It is an unreliable and
connection less protocol so, in
order to send the data from one
machine to other machine we
did not establish any connect in
compare to TCP/IP protocol.
It is used to transfer the data in
a short distance.
Protocol name Port no
FTP 21
SMTP 25
PPP 110
IMAP 143
HTTP 80
HTTPS 443
Networking devices
These are devices which is used
to connect multiple computer
and other devices in a network.
Example
1. HUB
2. Switch
3. Router
4. Repeater
5. Bridge
6. Gateway
HUB
HUB is network devices that is used to
connect multiple computer in a network.
All the information send to the HUB is
automatically send to each port to
every devices.
Hub is less expenses , less intelligence
and less complicated
hub generally used to connect computer
in a LAN.
Transmission mode of
HUB is half duplex.
Advantage of HUB
1. The HUB can Broadcast the
massage.
2. it is less expenses that anyone can
use it
3. easy to installation
Disadvantage of HUB
1. if the HUB is failed the entire the
network will be failed
2. we can’t send private data through
hub
3. HUB Can’t support full duplex
transmission mode
4. HUB doesn't provide any security.
Switch is a network devices that
connects multiple computers
together in the network
it is mainly used to send the
private massage as well as there
is no wasting of data.
3. switch can easily identified
that which devices is connected
with which port by using MAC
address that why it delivered
massage on particular destination
machine.
Note :- switch is more intelligent then hub

Advantage :- 1. It is generally used to unicast the

massages.
2. It provide more security than HUB.
3.Switch support full duplex mode of data transmission.
4.If a node fails there will be no effect in the entire
network.
5. it is used to send the data packet based on MAC
address.
Disadvantage of switch
1. If a switch a failed then
entire network will be
failed.
2,. More expensive.
3. Difficult to setup.
Router
Router is a network devices which
works as a traffic controller . A main
work of router is to choose a
congestion free path through which
the data packet will travel.
Router receive data packets to the
sender, analyse and forward those
data packets then giving to receiver.
Note :- Router uses both LAN and
WAN
Advantage
1. it provides connection between
two dissimilar of network.
2. Transmission rate is very high
because it choose traffic free path.
3. It internally uses some algorithm
to find congestion free path.
4. It provide both wire and wireless
facility.
Dis-advantage
1. Router is more expenses
compare to other network
devices (HUB/Switch)
2. Router are complex to maintain
3. Security less/security issue.
4. it only work with routable
protocol,
Routable Means Receiver and
sender both have similar router.
Repeater devices.
Repeater is a network device
through which we can boost up
the week signals.
When the signal travels in the
network after travelling some
distance the intensity of the
signals becomes low.
In order to regenerate to the
week signal we should use
repeater devices.
Note:-It is used wired &wireless
it used in old cable TV.
Advantage of Repater
1. it is used to regenerated
the weak signal.
2. It is cheaper than other
network devices ( HUB/
Switch).
3. Repeaters has the ability to
extend the length of signal
4. Increase/maintain the
signal performance.
Disadvantage of repeater

1. it required not of
repeater after some time.
2. repeaters also unable to
connect dissimilar types of
network.
3. They cannot reduce
network traffic.
Bridge
Bridge is a network device that is
used to separate LAN into
number of section
Bridge receive data and examine
it and forward data to receiver
MAC address
Note:- It operate both physical as
well as data link of OSI Model.
Advantage
1. By using bridge device we
can extends network.
2. It broadcast the data to each
node like HUB & repeater.
3. collision can be reduced
easily.
4. It is more intelligent.
Disadvantages.
1. It doesn’t establish
connection between two
different network
2. once it broadcast the
message then it is incable to
stop the message. 3. It is more
expenses
4. The transmission of data is
slower than a repeater.
Gateway
Gateway is a hardware device
that is used to connect wo
dissimilar type of network. It allow
us to send & receive data through
the internet even it is LAN
network.
Note:- It operate all 7 Layer of OSI
Model.
Advantage of Gateway
1. It connects two network which
has different protocol.
2. It operate all 7 layer of OSI model.
3. We can’t access the internet
without a gateway
4. It provide some security.
Disadvantage of gateway:-
1. It is more expensive.
2. Data transmission rate is slower.
3. Difficult to maintain as well as
very complex.
4. It is less intelligent.
Modem Device
Modem stands for modulators and
demodulators it is network device
that is placed between the
computer system and telephone
line.
It has two part modulator and
demodulator Modulator convert
digital signal to analog signal were
as demodulator convert analog to
digital signal.
Note:- it allow us to computer to
connect internet .
OSI
The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model is
developed by the International
Standard Organization. It is a
layered framework for the design of
network systems that allows
communication between all types
of computer systems. Its primary
purpose is to provide a set of
structural guidelines for exchanging
information between computers,
workstations, and networks.
.
The application layer is the topmost
layer in the OSI model and acts as the
general manager of the network by
proving access to the OSI environment.
This layer provides distributed
information services and controls the
sequence of activities within an
application and also the sequence of
events between the computer
application and the user of the
application. It communicates directly
with the user’s application program.
The application layer uses HTTP, FTP,
POP, SMTP, and DNS protocols that
allow the software to send and receive
information and present meaningful
Data Link Layer
It is the second layer of the OSI model.
The data link layer is responsible for
providing error-free communication
across the physical link connecting the
primary and secondary nodes within a
network.
Network Layer
The network layer provides details
that enable data to be routed
between devices in an environment
using multiple networks, sub-
networks, or both.
The networking components that
operate at the network layer include
routers and their software. It
determines which network
configuration is most appropriate for
the function provided by the network
and addresses and routes data within
a network by establishing,
Transport Layer
We can say that the transport
layer controls and ensures the
end-to-end integrity of the
data message propagated
through the network between
two devices, providing the
reliable, transparent transfer of
data between the endpoints.
Session Layer
The session layer creates
communication channels between
devices. It is responsible for opening
sessions, ensuring they remain open
and functional while the data is
being transferred, and close the
session when the communication
ends.
The session layer can also set
checkpoints during a data transfer. If
a session is interrupted, then the
devices can resume data transfer
from the last checkpoint.
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer prepares the data for its upper layer or the
application layer. It defines how two devices should encode, encrypt,
and compress the data.
The presentation layer receives any data transmitted by the
application layer and prepares it for transmission over the session
layer.
It specifies how the end-user applications should format the data.
This layer provides for the translation between the local representation
of data and the representation of data that will be used for transfer
between the end-users. The result of encryption, data compression,
and virtual terminals are examples of translation services.
Application Layer
The application layer is the topmost layer
in the OSI model and acts as the general
manager of the network by proving access
to the OSI environment. This layer
provides distributed information services
and controls the sequence of activities
within an application and also the
sequence of events between the computer
application and the user of the application.
It communicates directly with the user’s
application program.
The application layer uses HTTP, FTP, POP,
SMTP, and DNS protocols that allow the
software to send and receive information
and present meaningful data to users.