• OSI MODEL

1.The full name of the OSI model is Open System Interconnection, it

was developed by ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) in 1984 and this model consists of 7 layers.
2.The OSI model is a reference model for communication between
two users in a network. Each layer of this model does not depend on
the other layer but there is transmission of data from one layer to
another.
OSI model is a reference model, that is, it is not used in real life, but
it is used only as a reference.
he OSI model describes how data or information is sent and received
in a network. All the layers of this model have their own different
functions so that data can be easily accessed from one system to
another
.The OSI model also describes how network hardware and software
interact with each other as layers.
This model has 7 layers and each layer has its own special function
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PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model.
This layer is responsible for physical and electrical
connections such as voltage, data rates, etc. In this layer,
the digital signal is converted into an electrical signal.
In this layer, the work of network topology ie layout of
network (network size) is also done in this layer. The
physical layer also describes whether the communication
will be wireless or wired. Physical layer is also called bit
unit.
Functions of Physical Layer
1.The physical layer tells how two or more
devices are physically connected to each
other.
2.The physical layer also tells which
transmission mode will be used between two
devices in the network.
3.There are three types of transmission
modes:- simplex, half-duplex, and full duplex.
4.It determines the signal transmitting the
information.
It completes the work of network topology.
Data link layer
The Data Link Layer is the second layer from
the bottom in the OSI Model. This layer is also
called frame unit.
In this layer, the data packets sent by the
network layer are decoded and encoded and
this layer also ensures that there is no error in
the data packets.
This layer has two sub-layers:-MAC (Media
Access Control),LLC (Logic Link Control)Two
protocols are used for data transmission in the
data link layer.HDLC (High-Level Data Link
Control)PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
• Data link layer functions
1. This layer encodes and decodes data packets. We
call these data packets frames.
2.This layer works to add header and trailer to these
frames.
The main function of the data link layer is flow control.
In this, a fixed data rate is maintained from both the
receiver and the sender side. So that no data is
corrupt.
It also controls the error. In this CRC (cyclic redundancy
check) is added along with the trailer of the frame so
that there is no error in the data.
Its work is also of access control. When two or more
devices are connected to a communication channel,
then this layer determines which device should be
given access.
Network layer
1.The network layer is the third layer of the OSI
model, this layer is also called packet unit.
Switching and routing techniques are used in this
layer.
2.The work of this layer is to assign logical
addresses to the devices i.e. I.P. address has to be
provided.
3.The data that is in the network layer is in the
form of data packets and it is the work of the
network layer to transmit these data packets from
one device to another.
Network layer function
Its main job is to provide IP address to the
devices.
Its function is to transmit data packets from one
device to another.
The main responsibility of the network layer is
also of inter-networking.
It adds source and destination address to the
header of data packets. This address is used to
identify devices on the Internet.
The work of this layer is also of routing. It
determines the best path.
Its function is also of switching.
Transport layer
The transport layer is the fourth layer of the OSI
model, also known as the segment unit.
This layer is used to transfer data correctly
between networks. This layer sees that there is no
error in the data.
This layer also makes sure that we receive the data
in the same order in which we have sent it. The
function of this layer is also to provide
communication between two computers.
Transport Layer is also known as end to end layer
because it provides point to point connection to
transfer the data.
This layer provides two types of services, first
connection oriented and second connection less.
Functions of Transport Layer
The main function of Transport Layer is to transfer
data from one computer to another.
It provides the facility of communication between
two computers.
Its work provides point to point connection.
When this layer receives the message from the
upper layers, it divides the message into many
segments. And each segment has a sequence
number (serial number) so that each segment can
be easily identified.
It performs both flow control and error control
functions.
Its work is also to control the connection.
Session layer
The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI model that
controls connections between multiple computers.
Session layer provides session for communication
between two devices i.e. whenever a user opens any
website, a session is created between the user's
computer and the website's server.
In simple words, "The main function of the session layer
is to see how the connection is established, maintained
and terminated."
Functions of Session Layer
The main function of the session layer is to
establish, maintain, and terminate the
session between two devices.
The session layer which is there works like a
dialog controller. It creates a dialog between
two processes.
It also completes the work of
synchronization. That is, whenever an error
occurs in the transmission, the transmission
is repeated.
Presentation layer
The Presentation Layer is the sixth
layer of the OSI model. This layer is
used for encryption and decryption
of data. It is also used for data
compression. This layer is related to
the operating system.
The presentation layer is also called
the syntax layer because it
maintains the syntax of the data
properly.
Functions of Presentation Layer
The work of this layer is of encryption and
decryption. Through encryption, we can
keep our data secure.
Click on the link below to read the full
encryption
what is encryption
Its main work is also of compression.
Compression is very important because by
compressing the data we can reduce its size.
It also does the work of translation, that is, it
translates the data.
Functions of Presentation Layer
The work of this layer is of encryption and
decryption. Through encryption, we can
keep our data secure.
Click on the link below to read the full
encryptionwhat is encryptionIts main work
is also of compression. Compression is
very important because by compressing
the data we can reduce its size.
It also does the work of translation, that is,
it translates the data.
Application layer
The Application Layer is the seventh
(highest) layer of the OSI model. The main
function of the application layer is to
interface between our actual application and
other layers.The application layer is closest
to the end user, it provides network services
to the end users.Protocols like HTTP, FTP,
SMTP and NFS come under this layer. This
layer controls how any application accesses
the network.
Application layer functions
Through the application layer, the user
can access files from the computer and
can retrieve files.
It also provides the facility to forward
and store email.
Through this we can access the
directory from the database.
Advantage of OSI model
Its benefits are as follows:-1: - This is a generic model
and it is considered as standard model.
2: - The layers of the OSI model are very specific for
services, interfaces, and protocols.
3: - This is a very flexible model because any protocol
can be implemented in it.
4: - It supports both connection oriented and connection
less services.
5: - It uses divide and conquer technique so that all
services work in different layers. Due to this it becomes
easy to administer and maintain the OSI model.
6:- Even if a change is made in one layer, it does not
affect the other layer.
Disadvantage of OSI model
Its disadvantages are as follows:-
1; - It does not define any particular protocol.
2: - It is sometimes difficult to implement new
protocols because this model was made before
the invention of these protocols.
3: - There is duplication of services in this as both
transport and data link layer have error control
method.
4: - All these layers are interdependent on each
other.
Difference between OSI Model and TCP/IPOSI Model
TCP/IP ModelThe full name of OSI is open system
interconnection. Its full name is transmission control
protocol / internet protocol.It has been developed by ISO.
It has been developed by APRANET.It consists of 7 layers.
It has 4 layers.This model is only connection oriented. It
is of both connection oriented and connection less type.It
follows the vertical approach. It follows the horizontal
approach.This model is rarely used. This model is used
more.
Now we will know its features. Which are as follows:
This model is divided into two layers. One upper layers and the
other lower layers.
Its upper layer mainly handles the issues related to the application
and it is applicable only to the software. The application layer is
closest to the end user.
The lower layers of the OSI model handle the issues of data
transport. Data link layer and physical layer are implemented in
hardware and software.
The physical layer is the lowest layer and it is closest to the
physical medium. The main function of the physical layer is to
keep data or information in the physical medium.
TCP/IP Model
The full name of TCP/IP is Transmission control protocol (TCP) and
internet protocol (IP). TCP/IP is a protocol of the World Wide Web (WWW)
which we call the Internet. This model has been designed to send
packets in the internet.
The TCP/IP model provides end-to-end communication. It was developed
by the Department of Defense (D.O.D.) between the 1970s and 1980s .
This model determines how a particular computer
connects to the internet and how data is
transmitted between them. When many computer
networks are interconnected, this model helps us
to create a virtual network.
The main objective of the TCP/IP model is to
provide communication over long distances. That
is, through this we can also communicate with a
network located at a great distance.
network access layer
This layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
The network access layer describes how data is sent
across the network.
This layer is a combination of data link layer and physical
layer defined in the OSI model.
This layer is responsible for the transmission of data
between two devices in the same network. The function
of this layer is to encapsulate the IP datagram
transmitted through the network into frames and map
the IP address to the physical address.
The protocols used by this layer are:- ethernet, FDDI,
token ring, x.25, frame Relay.
Internet Layer
This layer is located between the transport layer and the
application layer. This layer provides connectionless
communication in the network.
In this, the data is packaged in the form of IP datagrams, these
datagrams contain the source and destination IP addresses so that
the data can be easily sent and received.
It is also called network layer.The following protocols are used by
this layer:-IP protocol - Its full name is internet protocol and its
main function is to deliver packets from source to destination. It
has two versions IPv4 and IPv6.
transport layerThis layer is responsible for
the transmission of data, this layer is
located between the application layer and
the Internet layer.It is also responsible for
the reliability, flow control and correction of
data.Two main protocols work in this layer:-
1: - Transmission control protocol (TCP)2: –
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Application layer
This layer is the highest layer of the TCP/IP model.
This layer is concerned with providing network services
to the applications.
This layer provides communication to the user; Like: -
Through web browser, e-mail, and other applications.
The application layer sends data to the transport layer
and receives data from it.
The work of this layer is to handle high-level protocols.
This layer provides the user with the facility to interact
with the application.