Measuring & Control

DAY 06-10
SAO-08
By:
Muhammad Ashfaq Ch
Tehseen Ahmad
 Concept of Level
 The amounts of liquids in any tank
or container is called Liquid Level.
 The measurement of liquid level is
always a vertical measurement
 Level devices are also used to
measure the amounts of raw
materials available for processing
and to indicate the quantities of
finished products or waste Level

materials that are contained in a

storage.
 Reference Points
 Zero Point
The fixed lowest reference
point of a liquid level is called
Zero Point
 Datum Point Span
Measured
Level
If minimum measuring position
Actual
of the reference point above Level
than zero point, That point is
called datum point
 Span Datum Point

The maximum measuring

Zero Point
position of the level from datum
 Static Pressure &
Pressure Conversion Factors PCF
 The pressure exerted by a liquid column
is dependent on the height of the
column and density of the liquid

0.433 PSI
1 Feet

 1 cubic feet of water has a weight of

62.4 lbs. 1 Inch
 The pressure on bottom will be 62.4 1 Inch

lbs/feet2 or 0.433 lbs/inch2

 This is called PCF

Pressure (in PSI) = Height (in feet) x PCF (in PSI) x Sp. Grv.
 Shapes of Tank
Open Tank
 Open Tank
That Tank or Vessel fully
or partially open at
Atmospheric Pressure Close Tank

 Close Tank
These Tank or Vessel
fully closed and under
internal Pressure
 Measuring Methods
 Dip Stick
A gauge sticks are only used
for open vessels.
The gauge stick is a wooden
or metal strip on which a scale
marked. This is immersed in a
tank until it touches the
bottom, care being taken to
keep it vertical. A reading is
taken at the point where the
stick changes from dry to wet.
 Measuring Methods
 Glass Gauge
In the gauge glass
the liquid rises to the
same height as in
the tank
Beside or behind the
gauge glass is a
scale, the calibration
of which can be in
meter, inch or in cm,
level of the liquid
Gauge Glass
can be read direct.
 Measuring Methods
 Pressure Gauge
 The pressure exerted by a
liquid column is dependent on
the height of the column and
density of the liquid.
 Pressure gauges measured the
level depending on hydro static
head.
 Its installed at datum point.
 We can calculate the level of
liquid if we know the specific
gravity of liquid and height of
liquid.
 Measuring Methods
 Static Head
We Can Also Used Pressure Transmitter Or
Differential Pressure Transmitter To Measured Static
Head Pressure.
Head pressure
Height =
PCF x Sp.Grv.
 Measuring Methods
 Bubbler Method
This Method Also Depend on Static Head. Static
Head Opposed Air Bubbles and Create a Back
Pressure. This Back Pressure propositional to the
Liquid Level.
 Measuring Methods
 Capacitance Method
This Method Is Based on Capacitors Properties. As
the liquid rise the capacitance change, this change in
capacitance propositional to the liquid level
 Measuring Methods
 Displacer Method
This Method is Base on Archimedes Law of buoyant
Forces Exerted by the Liquids on solid Body, As the
level Rise the Displacer lose its weight, this lose of
weight is propositional to liquid level.
 Measuring Methods
 Float Method
A Hollow Body cannot merge in a liquid, its Always
Float on the liquid surface. Its hang on a cable which
is Kept taut by a Counter Weight. A pointer is
connected to the Cable Moving Along on a Scale
 Level Switches
 A bourdon tube, a diaphragm a bellow
or a float can actuate the switch.
 A Level switch turn an electric circuit
ON or OFF at a preset Level. This Level
is called the set point of the switch.
 The switch usually is a micro-switch or
a mercury switch.
 Level switches are use to actuate Alarm
and Shutdown systems.
 High & Low Setting
High Set Point

High pressure Switch go to Actuate

Dead Band

High Reset Point

Plant Normal Condition

Maximum Normal Position Maximum Normal Position

Low pressure Switch go to Actuate

Minimum Normal Position Minimum Normal Position

Plant Startup Condition Low Reset Point

Dead Band
Low Set Point

Plant Cool down Position

Measuring & Control
DAY 07

SAO-08

By:
Muhammad Ashfaq Ch
Tehseen Ahmad
 Flow Rate
 Concept
Flow of Fluids that passes a specific point in specified period
of time. or
Flow rate is refer as a velocity of the fluid or how
fast fluid move

 Units

 FT3 / Min
 FT3 / Hr
 GAL / Min
 L / Hr
 M3 / Hr
 Properties of Fluid Flow

 Laminar
Smooth flow is called laminar. With laminar Flow fluid
particles move in parallel path.

 Turbulent
flow is agitated and disturb. The fluid may have
small or high frequencies or eddies.
Flow between Laminar and Turbulent is
Transitional.
 Factors Effecting Fluid Flow Rate
 Density is how close or tightly packed the molecule of a
substance. Because of density the same volume of
different substance is likely to have different weight.
 Specific Gravity is use to express the density of the
substance. It is a ratio that compare the density of fluid
at specific temperature to the density of water or air at
same temperature. It has no unit.
 Viscosity is a measure of how freely fluid flow. Viscosity
result form internal resistance of the particle of fluid.
 Flow Profile of the Fluid This is a properties of fluid
Flow, Laminar or Turbulent
 Temperature and Pressure affect on density and
velocity of a substance.
Factors Effecting Fluid Flow Rate
 Static Pressure is the pressure exerted by fluid at
rest.
 Dynamic Pressure is above than the static
pressure which transform kinetic energy into potential
energy. This energy is produced by motion of the fluid.
 Differential Pressure is the pressure difference
between two related pressure.
 Pressure DropThe velocity of the liquid must increase
because of restriction. As the velocity increases
Pressure decreases
 In direct Measuring Methods
 Orifice Plate
Orifice plates are simple devices that are installed in
pipes to restrict the flow of fluid through the pipes
A change in the velocity of a fluid through a pipe will
cause a change in the pressure exerted on the walls of
the pipe.
The velocity of the liquid must increase because of
restriction. As the velocity increases Pressure
decreases
 In direct Measuring Methods
 Orifice Plate Types
Orifice plates are usually categorized according to the shape
of their opening and /or its location.
i. Concentric: Opening in centre. It is for normal use.
ii. Eccentric: Opening slightly off centre. Used for the fluid or
gas which has solid particles.
iii. Segmental: Semi circular in shape. It is for used for slurries.
iv. Quadrant Edge: Used for slurries and high viscous fluid.
 In direct Measuring Methods
 Flow Nozzle
A flow Nozzle has a curved shape that
provides for a relatively smooth flow of fluid
through a constricted space. The smooth
upstream shape allows the fluid velocity to
increase smoothly and very little turbulence
is created.
 In direct Measuring Methods
 Venture Tube
 To avoid the pressure loss caused by orifice, venture tube is
used. curved, stream lined section long and gradually
expanding down stream section. large pressure recovery
can be made.
 Fluid can flow smoothly through it with much higher velocity
without the turbulence. Thus provides more consistent
pressure reading or more accurate flow measurement.
 In direct Measuring Methods
 Elbow
The Elbow type primary element High
Pressure
base on centrifuge force
principle.
When fluid flow through an
Elbow, on turning point
Low
maximum centrifugal force of Pressure

fluid exerted on outer wall and

minimum force exerted on inner
wall, this forces difference Flow

produced deferential pressure

across Elbow.
 In direct Measuring Methods
 Pitot Tube
A Pitot tube is basically two hollow tube that has joint
side by side. When installed in a pipe one tube with its
open end to the source of flow (Dynamic Pressure)
and other is open to opposite side (for Static
Pressure), the Pitot tube is used to create a differential
pressure.
 In direct Measuring Methods
 ANNUBAR
Advanced shape of Pitot
tube.
Annubar has number of
impact holes and static holes.
It measure the average flow.
Usually, used in lines of
larger diameter.

.
Measuring & Control
DAY 08

SAO-08

By:
Muhammad Ashfaq Ch
Tehseen Ahmad
 Direct Measuring Methods
 Magnetic Flow Meter
 The Magnetic Flow meter is a volumetric
flow metering device.
 The measuring principle based on
“Faraday Law of Induction.
 The magnetic flow meter is designed to
measure the value of the voltage induced
when a conductive fluid is passed through
the body of the meter (magnetic Field)
 Direct Measuring Methods
 Vortex Flow Meter
 Vortex is the swirling motion caused by an
object places in the path of a flowing fluid.
 Vertex Flow Meter are used to measure the
volumetric flow of fluids
 The greater the velocity of fluid, the greater
the number of vortices that will be formed
during a giving period of time.
 Direct Measuring Methods
 Ultrasonic Flow Meter
 Ultrasonic Flow Meter Work on the principle of
frequency shift (Doppler effect)
 Ultrasonic wave reflected from suspended particle or
gas bubbles and change its frequency.
 Its specially used to measure flow of Slurries, dirty
Fluid,
 Direct Measuring Methods
 Target Flow Meter
 Also called velocity meter or target
disc meter. Its measured flow rate.
 The fluid flow, dynamic force push the
disc, Disc movement converted in to
standard single
 Commonly used as flow switch

TX TX

Side View

Flow
Flow
 Direct Measuring Methods
 Variable Area Meter
 It is used for Clean, Low temperature, Low
pressure Fluid.
 As the fluid flows up through the tube it causes
the float to move. In order for the float to move
straight up and down,
 The Rota meter must be installed in a vertical
position.
 Direct Measuring Methods
 Types of Float
 Several shapes of float are available for
various applications.
 The scale can be calibrated for direct
reading of air or water, or can read
percentage of range
 Floats have a sharp edge at the point
where the reading should be observed on
the tube-mounted scale
Measuring & Control
DAY 09

SAO-08

By:
Muhammad Ashfaq Ch
Tehseen Ahmad
 Flow Rate Scales 9

 Linear 7
8 10
11

The normal form of Scale is 6 12

Linear, in which the distance 5 13

between the scale graduation is 4 PSI

Linear
14

3 15
equal distance.
Pressure, Level, scales usually
50
50
40 60

Linear 30
70
25 75

20 80

10 90
%
Linear
0 100
0 100
 Flow Rate Scales
75
 Square Root
66.66

58.33 83.33

On these scales the distance 50

between the graduation are not 41.66

91.66

uniform, and increase progressively 33.33

25
%

toward one end. That scale is used

16.66
8.33
0 100

in differential pressure type flow

11 12
measuring instrument 10
13

8
14

7
PSI
6
5
43 15
 Flow Rate Scales
 Non-Linear
 The few form of Scale is non-Linear,
in which the distance between the scale
graduation is un-equal distance.
 Conductivity, pH scales may be non-Linear
50
60
40

70

30 80

90
20

%
10
Non-Linear
0 100
 Open Channel Flow Measurement
 An open channel flow measurement
is different from close Pipe flow
measurement
 The device used for measurement
is called Head Area meter
 A Wear can be adopt to measured
open channel flow, area of wear is
fixed and discharge rate of liquid to
be measured with liquid surface
height reference.

For Open Channel Measurement

 ΔP Transmitter
 Differential pressure Gauge and Differential
pressure Transmitter used as Secondary element,
 Its convert all measurements into standard signal,
The out put of Differential pressure flow transmitter
is Square-Root, and we used a special device to
convert this signal into linear signal.
 Special Devices
 Linear or Square Root Signals
indirect flow measuring device’s
behaviour is not Linear (but Sq-
Root),
For a proper control all signal
should be Linear, we used a special
device to convert the flow signal
into linear. This device is called
Sq-Root Extraction device
 Flow Switches
 High / Low Flow Switch
 A bourdon tube, a diaphragm a bellow
or a Target disc can actuate the switch.
 A Flow switch turn an electric circuit ON
or OFF at a preset Flow. This Flow is
called the set point of the switch.
 The switch usually is a micro-switch or
a mercury switch.
 Flow switches are
use to actuate Alarm
and Shutdown systems.
 High & Low Setting
High Set Point

High pressure Switch go to Actuate

Dead Band

High Reset Point

Plant Normal Condition

Maximum Normal Position Maximum Normal Position

Low pressure Switch go to Actuate

Minimum Normal Position Minimum Normal Position

Plant Startup Condition Low Reset Point

Dead Band
Low Set Point

Plant Cool down Position