Introduction to Corn Production

Diana Grace Z. De Mesa

Instructor
 Introduction
-tagalog-mais
-English name-corn, maize
-Scientific name- Zea mays
• Corn is the second most important crop in the Philippines.
• About 14 million Filipinos prefer white corn as their main staple
• and yellow corn accounts for about 50% of livestock mixed
feeds. S
• ome 600,000 farm households depend on corn as a major
source of livelihood, in addition to transport services, traders,
processors and agricultural input suppliers who directly benefit
from corn production, processing, marketing and distribution.

• Corn is also processed into high value products, such as

cornstarch, corn syrups, corn oil, gluten and snack foods.
 Contents
• Status of corn industry
• LOCAL production of corn was recorded at 2.46 million
metric tons (MT) from July to September this year, up
by 67.42 percent from the previous quarter's 1.47
million MT, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
reported.

• Year on year, corn output in the third quarter was also

higher by 4.99 percent from the 2.34 million MT
recorded in the same period last year. (november, 2023)
 Introduction
• Corn was first domesticated by native
peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
• Originated in Central Mexico
• Native Americans taught European colonists
to grow the indigenous grains
 Introduction
-developed from wild
grass called teosinte
-when Columbus
"discovered" America,
he also discovered corn
 Introduction

• 6 major types of corn

• Sweet Corn
• Sweet corn refers to long, yellow ears of corn, often
also called Japanese sweet corn*, sugar corn, or table
corn. These are long ears, with almost bright green
husks and very yellow kernels. You’ll often see these
sold streetside or sold in mall stalls boiled and
shredded with margarine and cheese powder. They’re
also commonly sold in supermarkets.

• True to its name, sweet corn is sweet and juicy. It can

be added to soups, as well as desserts such as mais
con yelo and corn pudding (like Vietnamese CHÈ BẮP).
You can also use them in ginataang MAIS or make
them into sweet tamales.

• *There may be slight variations between Japanese

sweet corn and the general category of sweet corn.
• Wild Violet Corn
• Wild violet corn is a rare
Philippine corn variety
characterized by a mix of
white and purple kernels.
It’s sticky, waxy, and
slightly sweet when
harvested. And you can
serve it boiled or roasted.
• White Lagkitan
• White lagkitan (also known as
waxy corn or glutinous corn) is
one of the most common
varieties harvested in the
country. You’ll find it in many
corn-producing regions, where
it’s available either fresh, dried,
or canned. Dried lagkitan
(hominy) can be ground into a
fine powder such as cornmeal,
grits, or cornflour. But we
usually enjoy it as binatog or
kornik.
• Visayan White Corn
• Visayan white corn (tinigib) is a variety of
Philippine corn generally found in the Cebu
region. It boasts a low glycemic index,
making it slower to digest resulting in a
more gradual release of glucose in the
body. This, plus the fact that it tastes like
rice, makes it a common rice substitute.

• People often use tinigib to make maja

blanca, pintos or binaki (like corn tamales),
and SUAM NA MAIS (aka ginarep or
dinengdeng na mais; a fresh corn soup with
spinach or malunggay). You can also roast
Visayan white corn to make a drink called
kapeng mais, which surprisingly tastes a bit
like coffee.
• Purple Corn
• Purple corn is common in the Andes
region of South America. A few years
ago, it was introduced to the
Philippines, becoming a hit for its high
antioxidant content.

• When harvested, purple corn is sticky

and sweet. It’s typically soaked in
boiling water and used as a food
coloring. But it’s also famously used to
make Peruvian CHICHA MORADA. This
corn drink is specifically made using
purple corn with a combo of spices like
cinnamon and cloves, served with lime
or lemon slices.
• Young Corn
• Young corn refers to mais
harvested at its early stage, while
the stalks are still young and
immature. Their mildly sweet
flavor and snappy texture make
them an indispensable ingredient
for chop suey. You can also simply
eat them steamed or roasted with
butter, stir-fried into rice or
noodles, or added into soups or
stews.
 dent corn

• Field corn
• characterized by a
depression in the
crown (dimple- like) of
the kernel caused by
unequal drying of the
hard and soft starch
making up the kernel
 flint corn

• containing little soft

starch, has no
depression
• Hard, glassy outer
shell
• Feed and food source
 flour corn

• composed largely of
soft starch, has soft,
mealy, easily ground
kernels.
 sweet corn

• Sweet corn has

wrinkled translucent
seeds; the plant sugar
is not converted to
starch as in other
types
 Popcorn

• an extreme type of
flint corn
characterized by small
hard kernels, is devoid
of soft starch, and
heating causes the
moisture in the cells
to expand, making the
kernels explode
 pod corn

• A classic
morphological mutant
of maize in which the
mature kernels of the
cob are covered by
glumes (unlike the
normal which is
naked)
• Ornamental purposes
 Introduction
• Maize is second to rice as the most important crop in
the Philippines, with one-third of Filipino farmers, or 1.8
million, depending on maize as their major source of
livelihood.
• White maize is the most important substitute staple in
periods of rice shortage, especially for people in rural
areas.
• Yellow maize is the primary source of feed for the
Philippines’ animal industry, and is being increasingly
used by the manufacturing sector.
(FSSRI, 2000; Eusebioand Labios, 2001)
 CIMMYT
• The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
• Spanish acronym CIMMYT for Centro Internacional de
Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
• is a non-profit research and training institution dedicated to
both the development of improved varieties of wheat and
maize with the aim of contributing to food security, and the
introduction of improved agricultural practices to smallholder
farmers to help boost production, prevent crop disease and
improve their livelihoods.
• It is also one of the 15 non-profit, research and training
institutions affiliated with the CGIAR, formerly known as the
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
 Corn Utilization
1. Important component of
feeds
-60-70% of feed
ingredients
• Silage (fermented chopped
corn stalks)
• Forage
– Stalk
– Leaves
• Grain feed
 Corn Utilization
2. Food
• Staple food
• As vegetable
• Corn syrup
– high-fructose corn syrup is
used extensively in
processed foods such as soft
drinks and candies
• Corn flour (cornstarch)
• Cooking oil
• Beverage
 Corn Utilization
3. Fuel
• Ethanol/ ethyl alcohol (C2H50H)
isn’t the only form of energy
derived from corn. In addition
to fueling our cars, some
batteries also contain corn
derivatives found in the form of
“bioelectricity”. In batteries,
cornstarch is often used as an
electrical conductor.
• Biomass fuel
 Corn Utilization

4. As Seed
Corn Utilization

4. Other uses (chemical products)

• Stalks are made into paper and wallboard
• cobs are used directly for fuel, to make charcoal,
and in the preparation of industrial solvents
• Corn-based products are preferable to
petroleum-based products in textile production
• Glue and other adhesives commonly contain
cornmeal or cornstarch
 Status of Corn Prouction

• Production of corn for July-September 2017 at

2.59 million MT was 2.74 percent lower than
the 2.66 million MT output in 3rd quarter of
2016.
• Harvest area contracted to 884 thousand
hectares from last year’s level of 967 thousand
hectares.
 Status of Corn Prouction

• However, yield
increased from 2.75
MT per hectare in
2016 to 2.93 MT per
hectare in 2017
(Tables 1.4 to 1.6).
 Status of Corn Prouction

• Cut-back in the output were shared by

Northern Mindanao (2.27 percent),
SOCCSKSARGEN (2.28 percent) and ARMM
(3.24 percent).
 Status of Corn Prouction

• Marshy areas in ARMM were planted to

palay;
• Heavy rains which caused lodging of crop
and delayed harvesting in Zamboanga
Peninsula and SOCCSKSARGEN, respectively;
and
• Shifting of crop from corn to tobacco and
cacao in Northern Mindanao and rubber,
coffee and oil palm in SOCCSKSARGEN.
FIGURE 4 Thematic Map of Corn Production by Region, July-
September: 2017
(source: PSA.Palay and Corn Quarterly Bulletin, VOL.2no.1 )
PRICE
(source: PSA.Palay and Corn Quarterly Bulletin, VOL.2no.1 )

Yellow Corn
• In the nine (9) months of
2017, average farm gate
price of yellow corn at
P11.36 per kilogram
declined by 8.65 percent
from P12.43 level in 2016.

FIGURE 10 Monthly Farmgate Prices for Yellow

Corn, Philippines, January-December: 2016-2017
PRICE
(source: PSA.Palay and Corn Quarterly Bulletin, VOL.2no.1 )

Yellow Corn

• The average retail price of

P22.49 per kilogram for
January to September 2017
was 0.04 percent lower
than the 2016 price of
P22.50.
• The highest monthly price
was noted in February 2017
at P22.94 per kilogram.
Monthly Retail Prices for Yellow Corn,
Philippines, January-December: 2016-2017
PRICE
(source: PSA.Palay and Corn Quarterly Bulletin, VOL.2no.1 )

Yellow Corn
• From January to September
2017, the average
wholesale price of P17.78
per kilogram declined by
0.66 percent from previous
year’s P17.90 per kilogram.

• Uptrend in prices was

observed throughout the
nine-month period. FIGURE 11 Monthly Wholesale Prices for Yellow
Corn, Philippines, January-December: 2016-2017
PRICE
(source: PSA.Palay and Corn Quarterly Bulletin, VOL.2no.1 )

White Corn
• In the nine (9) months of
2017, average farm gate
price of yellow corn at
P11.36 per kilogram
declined by 8.65 percent
from P12.43 level in 2016.

FIGURE 13 Monthly Farmgate Prices for White Corn,

Philippines, January-December: 2016-2017
PRICE
(source: PSA.Palay and Corn Quarterly Bulletin, VOL.2no.1 )

White Corn

• The average retail price of

white corn for first nine-
month of 2017 was P28.77
per kilogram, 23.13 percent
above the previous year’s
level of P23.36. The peak
monthly price was in June
2017 at P31.08 per
kilogram.
Monthly Retail Prices for White Corn,
Philippines, January-December: 2016-2017
 Constraints
1. Biotic
-insect pest like, corn borer, corn earworm
and white grub
-The Asian corn borer, considered the most
destructive pest of maize in the Philippines
(Morallo-Rejesus, 2002),
• -Maize downy mildew (Perona
sclerospora sorghi) is a major disease
Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine
Human Development Report 2002.
 Constraints
1. Biotic
-Aguingay (Rottboellia cochichinensis),
mote-mote (Ipomoeia triloba),
makahiya (Mimosa pudica), Amaranthus
spinosus, and cogon (Imperata cylindrica)
as the species causing the most
damage.

Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine

Human Development Report 2002.
 Constraints
2. Abiotic
• Decline in soil fertility caused by:
-soil erosion;
-intensive and continuous cropping
without proper nutrient management;
and
-intensive use of inorganic fertilizer
sources that cause soil acidity.
Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine
Human Development Report 2002.
 Constraints
2. Abiotic
• Drought
-at any stage of crop development
affects production, but maximum
damage is inflicted when it occurs
during flowering (Pingali and Pandey,
2001).
• Flood during wet season
Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine
Human Development Report 2002.
 Constraints
3. Institutional Constraints
-limited human and financial
resources to bring sufficient and
timely extension services to all barangays,
-Insufficient agricultural extension
assistance

Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine

Human Development Report 2002.
 Constraints
4. Input Constraints
-insufficient capital
-high price of farm inputs (fertilizers,
seeds, pesticides)

Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine

Human Development Report 2002.
 Constraints
• 4. Other Socio-economic Constraints
-Lack of access to formal credit sources
(government institutions, cooperatives, etc.);
-Insufficient access to fair market and
price information;
-Inefficient marketing system for farm
inputs and products; and
-Poor infrastructure (roads, irrigation,
post-harvest facilities, etc.).
Source: IFAD-CIMMYT-Philippines RRA/PRA Survey 2001. a/ Philippine
Human Development Report 2002.
 Status of Corn Industry
Occidental Mindoro
 Status of Corn Industry
MIMAROPA
 Status of Corn Industry
Philippines
 Status of Corn Industry
World
Uses of Corn