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Lecture 2

The document outlines the structure and functions of computer architecture, focusing on the CPU, which includes the Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and Registers. It explains the roles of data processing, storage, movement, and control within a computer system, as well as the types of bus structures (single and multiple) and their respective functions. Additionally, it details the data, address, and control buses, including their characteristics and implications for memory access.

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solimanmarwan121
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2 views

Lecture 2

The document outlines the structure and functions of computer architecture, focusing on the CPU, which includes the Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and Registers. It explains the roles of data processing, storage, movement, and control within a computer system, as well as the types of bus structures (single and multiple) and their respective functions. Additionally, it details the data, address, and control buses, including their characteristics and implications for memory access.

Uploaded by

solimanmarwan121
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

Computer Architecture
&Organization

prepared by
Ibrahim Shawky Farahat
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
CPU Structure

 Control Unit (CU) : Controls the operation of the CPU


and hence the computer.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Handles data
processing in a computer.
 It performs arithmetic operations (like addition and
subtraction) and logic operations (such as AND, NOT,
and shift operations).

 Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.


 CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers.
What are the main functions of a computer?
4

 All Computer functions are:


 Data processing: Manipulate, compute, or transform
the input data according to a set of instructions
(programs).

 Data storage: Store data and instructions for both


short-term (temporary) and long-term use.

 Data movement: transfer of data between different


components of a computer system.

 Control: coordinate and manage the activities of the


computer’s hardware and software.
Multicore Computer Structure
 Processor (CPU)
 A physical piece of silicon containing one or more
cores

 Referred to as a multicore processor if it contains


multiple cores

 Core
 An individual processing unit on a processor chip

 May be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a


single-CPU system
BUS STRUCTURES
6

 Group of lines (wires) that serve as connecting path for several devices is
called a bus (one bit per line).

 A bus is basically a subsystem which transfers data between the


components of Computer.

 Bus can categorize into two main category according to structure: single
and multiple buses.

 In single bus structure all units are connected in the same bus.
 single bus structure's cost is cheap than multiple bus structure.

 In a multiple-bus structure, multiple buses exist to transfer data.


 Multiple bus structure's performance is better than single bus structure.
Single and multiple bus
7
BUS types
8

 Data, address and control information can be


transferred across the computer parts

 There are three types of buses:


 Data bus

 Address bus

 Control bus
Data bus
9

 Data bus is used to transfer data or instruction between different


components of computer.

 The number of lines in data bus affects the speed of data transfer between
different components.

 The data bus consists of 8, 16, 32, or 64 lines.

 A 64-line data bus can transfer 64 bits of data at one time.

 The data bus lines are bi-directional.


 It means that: CPU can read data from memory using these lines CPU can write
data to memory locations using these lines
Address bus
10

 The address bus is a communication pathway used by


the CPU to send memory addresses to other
components like RAM, storage, and I/O devices.

 Determines the maximum addressable memory


 The number of words in memory =
 Where n is equal to the number of lines in address bus
 If number of lines or the size of address is equal to 4 so memory has location

 The address bus is a unidirectional bus.


 It can carry information only in one direction.
 It carries address of memory location from microprocessor to the
main memory.
How much memory can a 16-bit address bus access?
11

 A 16-bit address bus can access = 65,536


How much memory can a 32-bit address bus access?
12

 A 32-bit address bus can access = 4 GB (gigabytes)


of memory.
Example
13

 A computer system has 16 GB of RAM. What is the


minimum size of the address bus required to access
the entire memory?
Example
14

 A computer system has 512 MB of RAM. What is the


minimum size of the address bus required to access
the entire memory?
Control bus
15

 Control bus is used to transmit different


commands or control signals from one
component to another component.

 Suppose CPU wants to read data from main


memory.
 It will use control is also used to transmit control
signals to main memory to ask it to read.

 Control bus is bidirectional


Memory structure and buses (example)

 Data bus  3bit


 Address bus  4bit
+
Questions

 What are the four main functions of a computer?

 List and briefly define the main structural components of a


processor.

 Distinguish between single and multiple bus (with drawing)?

 Compare between data, address, and control bus?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.


New Mansoura University
Faculty of Computer Science
and Engineering

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