CCEE341-CHAPTER 4

FM Modulation

Prepared by: Prof. Oussama Mustapha

 Presentation outlines

 Frequency Modulation (FM)

 Phase Modulation (PM)

 Examples

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 Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency Modulation: Is the process of changing the

frequency of the carrier signal in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The
amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remain
unchanged.

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 FM Principle

 The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is used to

perform direct frequency modulation on signals.

 VCO has a center frequency fc and the message signal

vm(t) modulates the instantaneous frequency around
this center frequency

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 FM broadcast band

FM band: The frequency range of the FM signal is as:

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 FM broadcast band

FM Station bandwidth includes:

•75 kHz deviation from the center frequency.

•Two frequency guard bands (25 KHz).

BWChannel (2 75)  (2 25) 200 kHz

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 FM wave form

vm (t )

vc (t )

vFM (t )

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 Mathematical Expression

The FM modulation consists of changing, according to a linear law,

the frequency of the carrier in terms of the message signal.

f i (t )  f c  k .vm (t )  f c  kAm cos( m t )  f c   cos( m t )

Instantaneous frequency Modulation sensitivity Frequency deviation

δ = ΔF= kAm

Radio broadcasting: δ = 75 kHz

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 Mathematical Expression

f i (t )  f c   cos(mt )
2f i (t ) 2f c  2 cos(2f m t )
i (t ) c  2 cos( m t )
Phasor diagram:

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 Mathematical Expression

Relative angular speed between the instantaneous and the carrier component:
d (t )
i (t )  c 2 cos( m t ) 
dt

Relative angle between the modulated and the carrier signals:


 (t ) [i (t )  c ]dt 2 cos( m t )dt 2 cos(2f m t )dt  sin(2f m t ) m. sin(2f m t )
fm

Modulation index

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 Mathematical Expression

The FM signal is always phase shifted with respect to the carrier by β(t):

v FM (t )  Ac cos( c t  m sin( m t ))

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 Example 4.1

Calculate the modulation index if the message frequency

is 20 kHz and the frequency deviation is 75 kHz.

Solution:

 75
m  3.75 rad
f m 20

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 Frequency spectrum

The frequency spectrum can be found by using the Bessel functions:


vFM (t )  Ac cos(c t  m sin(mt ))  Ac J
n 
n (m) cos(c  nm )t

J  a (m) ( 1) a J a (m)

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Frequency spectrum

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 Example 4.2

Plot the frequency spectrum of an FM signal of modulation index:

m = 0.25.
Solution
According to Bessel’s table, For m = 0.25→J 0 (m) 0.98 and J1 (m) 0.12
v FM (t ) 0.98 Ac cos(c t )  0.12 Ac cos(c   m )t  0.12 Ac cos(c   m )t

Similar to that of a classical AM (Narrow Band

Frequency Modulation -NBFM).

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 Example 4.3

Plot the frequency spectrum of an FM signal of modulation index:

m = 0. 5.
Solution
According to Bessel’s table, For m = 0.5→ J (m) 0.94, 0 J1 (m) 0.24 and J 2 (m) 0.03

vFM (t ) 0.94 Ac cos(c t )  0.24 Ac cos(c  m )t  0.24 Ac cos(c  m )t  0.03 Ac cos(c  2m )t  0.03 Ac cos(c  2m )t

Wide Band Frequency

Modulation (WBFM)

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 Band Width

BW 2( N  1) f m ;N is the number Bessel’s coefficients

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 Example 4.4

Calculate the band width of the FM modulated signal if the

modulation index m = 8 and the message frequency is 20 kHz.

Solution
From the table of Bessel, for m = 8 → N = 11

BW 2( N  1) f m 2.(11  1).20 400 kHz

Note: This station is unpractical because the maximum bandwidth

must be ≤ 200 kHz
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 Power relations

( Ac j0 (m) / 2 ) 2 Ac2 j02 (m)

Carrier signal power: Pc  
R 2R

Ac2 
Modulated signal power: P (t )  
2 R n 
[ J n ( m ) ] 2

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 Noise-Suppression Effects of FM

FM receivers contain limiter (Clipper) circuits that restrict the

amplitude of the received signal.

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AM and FM comparison

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Phase Modulation (PM)

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 Phase Modulation

Phase Modulation (PM): is the process of changing the phase of the

carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal. The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier
signal remain unchanged.

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 Phase Modulation principle

PM: Consists of changing, according to a linear law, the

phase of the carrier in terms of the message signal.

v PM (t )  Ac cos(c t  k ' vm (t ))
 Ac cos(c t  k ' Am cos( m t ))
 Ac cos(c t   cos( m t )).............. is the mod ulation index

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 PM indirect modulation

PM By differentiating the message signal before using an

FM modulator.
d
Ac cos( c t  m (sin( m t ))  Ac cos( c t  m cos( m t )) v PM (t )
dt

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 FM indirect modulation

FM By integrating the message signal before using a PM

modulator.

Ac cos( c t   cos( m t )dt )  Ac cos( c t   sin( m t )) v FM (t )

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Solved examples

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 Example 4.5

How many channels can be used in classical FM signal?

Solution
In FM broadcasting, the frequency range is of:

108 – 88 = 20 MHz

The channel bandwidth is of 200 kHz, so the number of

channels is:
20 MHz
N Channels  100 stations
. 20 kHz
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 Example 4.6

A single-tone FM signal is represented by the

following equation:
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v FM (t ) 12 cos(6 10 t  5 sin 1250t )
Determine:
a) The carrier frequency
b) The modulation index
c) The modulating frequency
d) The maximum frequency deviation (excursion)
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Example 4.6 - Solution

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 Example 4.7

A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V and a

frequency of 2 KHz is applied to FM generator, which has
a frequency sensitivity of 40 Hz/volt. Calculate the
frequency deviation, modulation index, and bandwidth.

Solution

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 Example 4.8

Consider the FM signal:

v FM (t ) 10 cos(c t  0.25 sin( m t ))
If the antenna resistance is of 10Ω ,Determine:
a) The power of carrier signal.
b) The power of spectral components
c) The total power of the signal

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Example 4.8 - Solution

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 Example 4.9

What does frequency modulation (FM)

primarily vary in the carrier wave?

A) Amplitude
B) Frequency
C) Phase
D) Wavelength

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 Example 4.10

In FM, the amount of frequency deviation

is proportional to:

A) The amplitude of the modulating signal

B) The frequency of the modulating signal
C) The phase of the modulating signal
D) The power of the modulating signal

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 Example 4.11

Which of the following is a characteristic of frequency

modulation?

A) It is more susceptible to noise compared to amplitude

modulation.
B) It has constant amplitude.
C) It requires a larger bandwidth than amplitude
modulation.
D) Both B and C

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 Example 4.12

In FM broadcasting, what is typically the

frequency deviation for a standard FM signal?

A) 75 kHz
B) 25 kHz
C) 10 kHz
D) 5 kHz

.
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 Example 4.13

Which type of modulation is less sensitive to

amplitude noise?

A) Amplitude Modulation (AM)

B) Frequency Modulation (FM)
C) Phase Modulation (PM)
D) Both B and C

.
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 Example 4.14

What is the primary advantage of frequency

modulation over amplitude modulation?

A) Simplicity of implementation
B) Better noise immunity
C) Lower power consumption
D) Smaller bandwidth requirement

.
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 Example 4.15

In FM, what is the term used to describe the

maximum change in frequency from the carrier
frequency?

A) Modulation index
B) Phase deviation
C) Frequency deviation
D) Amplitude deviation

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 Example 4.16

What happens to the bandwidth of an FM signal

as the modulation index increases?

A) The bandwidth decreases

B) The bandwidth remains constant
C) The bandwidth increases
D) The bandwidth becomes zero

.
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 Example 4.17

What is the modulation index (m) in FM defined as?

A) The ratio of the amplitude of the modulating signal to the

amplitude of the carrier signal
B) The ratio of the frequency deviation to the frequency of the
modulating signal
C) The ratio of the frequency deviation to the frequency of the carrier
signal
D) The ratio of the power of the modulating signal to the power of the
carrier signal

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Questions ?

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