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Computer Networks an Overview

The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including key components like nodes, packet switching, and the differences between wired and wireless media. It outlines various network types such as LAN, MAN, and WAN, along with their purposes and scalability. Additionally, it explains essential networking devices like modems, routers, and switches, as well as the differences between MAC and IP addresses.

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avyukth982008
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2 views

Computer Networks an Overview

The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including key components like nodes, packet switching, and the differences between wired and wireless media. It outlines various network types such as LAN, MAN, and WAN, along with their purposes and scalability. Additionally, it explains essential networking devices like modems, routers, and switches, as well as the differences between MAC and IP addresses.

Uploaded by

avyukth982008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Overview

Network Building
Blocks
Nodes Network Devices Transmission Media

Computers, printers, and Switches, routers, and access Cables or radio waves. They
servers. These devices are points. They manage traffic flow. carry data signals.
endpoints.
Essential components work together. For example, a router connects devices. It provides internet access.
Packet Switching
Explained

Data Division Routing Delivery


Data is broken down into packets. Packets include sender/receiver Faster, reliable delivery ensured.
information.

Email, video streaming, and web browsing use this. Packet switching enables efficient bandwidth use. It also supports error
detection.
Wired vs. Wireless
Media
Wired: Ethernet,
Fiber
• High speed
• Secure
• Limited mobility

Wireless: Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth
• High mobility
• Lower speed
• Subject to interference

Wired is ideal for enterprise. Wireless is essential for mobility.


Consider home Wi-Fi versus an office LAN.
The Remarkable Evolution
of Networking
Networking
Milestones
1969: ARPANET 1971: Email

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first packet-switching Email was introduced by Ray Tomlinson, changing communication.
network.

1983: DNS 2 1991: First Website


The Domain Name System was established. Launch of the first website and HTML protocol.

1989: WWW
1 Tim Berners-Lee proposed the World Wide Web. 3
Exploring Computer Network
Types
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Explained
Small Area
Covers a limited geographical area

Office
Office or school networks

Resource Sharing
Enables resource sharing
MAN and WAN: Connecting Cities and the
World
Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks
(MAN) (WAN)
• City-wide coverage • Global connections
• Connects multiple LANs • Spans continents
• Examples: City-wide Wi-Fi • Examples: The Internet
Key Differences &
Recap
Network Type Coverage Purpose Scalability

PAN ~10 meters Personal Devices Limited

LAN Small Area Resource Sharing Moderate

MAN City-Level Connect LANs High

WAN Global International Connectivity Very High

Understanding these networks is vital in modern tech. Each network serves specific needs. Coverage, purpose, and scalability are
key factors.
Networking Essentials: A
Comprehensive Guide
Modem: The
Translator
Modems are the bridge between digital and analog worlds. They convert signals for internet connectivity.

Function Types

Modems modulate digital signals to analog signals. • DSL modems

They also demodulate analog signals back to • Cable modems


digital. • Fiber-optic modems
Hub vs. Switch: Managing
Traffic
Hubs and switches manage network traffic. Switches are more
efficient.
Hub
Hubs broadcast data to all devices. This creates
unnecessary traffic.

Switch
Switches use MAC addresses. They send data only to
specific devices.

Efficiency
Switches reduce network congestion and improve
performance.
Router: The Network
Navigator
Routers connect multiple networks together. They use IP
addresses for data routing.

Interconnection IP Addressing Home Networks


Routers link Routers use IP Home internet
different networks, addresses to routers are
such as LAN to determine the common examples
WAN. best path for data. of routers in
action.
Networking Topologies
Ring and Bus: Foundational
Topologies
Ring Topology Bus Topology

Devices are connected in a circular chain. Devices connect to a single backbone cable.

• Data travels in one or both directions. • Simple but prone to cable faults.
• Used in early LANs and Token Ring networks. • Common in small office/home networks.

Ring and bus topologies are simpler but less reliable than mesh networks.
Tree and Hybrid: Advanced
Architectures
Tree Topology Hybrid Topology

Combines star and bus topologies in a hierarchy. Mixes two or more basic topologies for flexibility.

• Suited for large organizations and WANs. • Used in custom enterprise setups.

Tree and hybrid topologies offer scalability and versatility for complex network needs.
Navigating Network
Nodes: MAC vs. IP
Addresses
Delving into MAC
Addresses
Unique Device
Identifier
A Media Access Control (MAC) address identifies
network devices.

It is a 48-bit hexadecimal address assigned during


manufacturing.

This address is hardcoded and rarely changes.

MAC addresses enable communication within a Local Area Network (LAN).


Exploring IP
Addresses
Logical Addressing
IP addresses provide logical identification for devices.

Global Reach
They are crucial for communication across the internet.

Dynamic
Assignment
IP addresses can be dynamically assigned by DHCP servers.

IPv4 uses a 32-bit dotted-decimal format, while IPv6 uses a 128-bit


hexadecimal format.
MAC vs. IP: Unveiling Key
Differences
Scope
MAC addresses operate within local networks.

Scope
IP addresses facilitate global communication.

Format
MAC addresses are static and 48-bit.

Format
IP addresses can be dynamic and are either 32 or 128-bit.

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