Structure of C Program

A C program basically consists of the following parts:

• Preprocessor Commands
• Functions
• Variables
• Statements & Expressions
• Comments

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Structure of C Program
Preprocessor Commands

Main Function

Comment
Library Function

End of Program

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 Preprocessor Commands
 These commands tells the compiler to do preprocessing before doing
actual compilation.
 Like #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command which tells a C
compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation.

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 Functions
 Functions are main building blocks of any C Program.
 Every C Program will have one or more functions and there is one
mandatory function which is called main() function.

 The C Programming language provides a set of built-in functions.

 In the above example printf() is a C built-in function which is used to print
anything on the screen.

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 Comments
 Comments are used to give additional useful information inside a C
Program.
 All the comments will be put inside /*...*/ as given in the example above.
 A comment can span through multiple lines.

/* comment for multiple line */

// single line comment

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 Variable and Variable Declaration

• Variable is a named memory location that can hold various values.

• All variables must be declared before they can be used.
• When we declare a variable, we tell the compiler what type of
variable is being used.
• A declaration associates a group of variables with a specific data
type.

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Structure of C Program
Preprocessor Commands

Main Function

Comment
Library Function

End of Program

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 C’s Basic Data Type
Type Keyword format Memory
Specifier Requirements
Character data char %c 1 Byte
Signed whole numbers int %d 2 or 4 Byte
Floating-point numbers float %f 4 Byte
Double-precision floating- double %lf 8 Byte
point number
valueless void ---

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 How to Declare Variables
• To declare a variable, use this general form:
type var-name;
• In C, a variable declaration is a statement and
it must end in a semicolon (;).

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 Variable
• Variables consist of letters and digits, in any order, except that the
first character must be a letter.
• Both upper-and lowercase letters are permitted, though common
usage favors the use of lowercase letters for most types of variables.
• Upper- and lowercase letters are not interchangeable (i.e., an
uppercase letter is not equivalent to the corresponding lowercase
letter.)

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 Variable (cont.)
• The underscore character (_) can also be included, and is considered
to be a letter.
• An underscore is often used in the middle of an variable.
• A variable may also begin with an underscore, though this is rarely
done in practice.

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 Variable (cont.)
• Case-sensitive
• COUNT and count are not same

• As a rule, an identifier should contain enough characters so that its

meaning is readily apparent.
• On the other hand, an excessive number of characters should be
avoided.

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 Variable (Cont.)
Can not Use blank space

Can use letter of

Can not Use any keyword
alphabet (A-Z, a-z)

The first character must

Variable Digits (0-9)
be a letter

Can not start a variable

name with digit Underscore (_)
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 Is it Valid Variable Name?

Apon 1joty

joty-5
apon

apon123 this_is_a_long_name

_sojeb_1 VaReNdRa
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 Is it Valid Variable Name?

4th The first character must be letter

“x” Illegal characters (“)

Order-no Illegal characters (-)

My variable Illegal characters (blank space)

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 Identifiers
• Identifiers are names that are given to various program
elements, such as variables, functions and arrays.

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 Keywords
• There are certain reserved words, called Keywords, that have
standard, predefined meaning in C

• Can be used only for their intended purpose

• Can't use as identifiers

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Keywords

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 Expressions
• An expression is a combination of operators and operands.
• C expressions follow the rule of algebra

Expression Operator
Arithmetic Expression +, -, *, /, %
Logical Expression AND, OR, NOT
Relational ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

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 Assign value to variable

• To assign a value to a variable, put its name to the left of an equal sign (=).

• Put the variable you want to give the variable to the right of the equal sign.

• It is a statement, so end with a ‘;’

variable value
;
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21
 Input Numbers From Keyboard

• There are several methods

• The easiest is – scanf() function.

• Input from Keyboard

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 Escape Sequences
• There are certain characters in C when they are preceded by a
backslash (\) they will have special meaning.
• They are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t).

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Escape Sequences

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 Defining Constants
• There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
• Using #define preprocessor.
• Using const keyword.

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 Using #define preprocessor
• Following is the form to use #define preprocessor to define a
constant:

• Symbolic constants are usually defined at the beginning of a program.

• Name of the constant • Constant value

• Can be any valid identifier name • Can be character/numeric/string

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Using #define preprocessor

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Symbolic Constants

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