Chapter 1:

The Database
Environment and
Development Process
Modern Database
Management
10th Edition
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, V. Ramesh,
Heikki Topi
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as
Prentice Hall 1
 Objectives
 Define terms
 Name limitations of conventional file processing
 Explain advantages of databases
 Identify costs and risks of databases
 List components of database environment
 Identify categories of database applications
 Describe database system development life cycle
 Explain prototyping and agile development approaches
 Explain roles of individuals
 Explain the three-schema architecture for databases

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 Definitions
 Database: organized collection of logically
related data
 Data: stored representations of meaningful
objects and events
 Structured: numbers, text, dates
 Unstructured: images, video, documents
 Information: data processed to increase
knowledge in the person using the data
 Metadata: data that describes the properties
and context of user data

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 Figure 1-1a Data in context

Context helps users understand

data
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 Figure 1-1b Summarized data

Graphical displays turn data into

useful information that managers
can use for decision making and
interpretation
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 Descriptions of the properties or
characteristics of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable values, and
data context
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 Disadvantages of File
Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Duplication of Data
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the
same data
 Limited Data Sharing
 No centralized control of data
 Lengthy Development Times
 Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance
 80% of information systems budget

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 Problems with Data
Dependency
 Each application programmer must
maintain his/her own data
 Each application program needs to
include code for the metadata of each
file
 Each application program must have its
own processing routines for reading,
inserting, updating, and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

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 Duplicate Data

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 Problems with Data
Redundancy
 Waste of space to have duplicate data
 Causes more maintenance headaches

 The biggest problem:

 Data changes in one file could cause

inconsistencies
 Compromises in data integrity

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 SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
 Central repository of shared data
 Data is managed by a controlling

agent
 Stored in a standardized,

convenient form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS

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 Database Management
provide controlled System
 A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
access to user databases

Order Filing
System

Invoicing Central database

DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll
customer data
System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages

hardware resources
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 Advantages of the Database
Approach
 Program-data independence
 Planned data redundancy
 Improved data consistency
 Improved data sharing
 Increased application development
productivity
 Enforcement of standards
 Improved data quality
 Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
 Reduced program maintenance
 Improved decision support
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Costs and Risks of the Database
Approach
 New, specialized personnel
 Installation and management cost
and complexity
 Conversion costs
 Need for explicit backup and
recovery
 Organizational conflict

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 Elements of the Database
Approach
 Data models
 Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
 Enterprise Data Model–high-level entities and relationships
for the organization
 Project Data Model–more detailed view, matching data
structure in database or data warehouse
 Entities
 Noun form describing a person, place, object, event, or
concept
 Composed of attributes
 Relationships
 Between entities
 Usually one-to-many (1:M) or many-to-many (M:N)
 Relational Databases
 Database technology involving tables (relations) representing
entities and primary/foreign keys representing relationships

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Figure 1-3 Comparison of enterprise and project level
data models
Segment of an enterprise data model

Segment of a project-level data model

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 One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
 One-to-many
relationship

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 One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
 One-to-many
relationship

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 One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
 One-to-many
relationship

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 Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders

 Many-to-many
relationship
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 Figure 1-5 Components of the Database
Environment

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 Components of the
Database Environment
 CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
 Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
 Database Management System (DBMS) –
software for managing the database
 Database–storehouse of the data
 Application Programs–software using the data
 User Interface–text and graphical displays to
users
 Data/Database Administrators–personnel
responsible for maintaining the database
 System Developers–personnel responsible for
designing databases and software
 End Users–people who use the applications and
databases
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 The Range of Database
Applications
 Personal databases
 Two-tier Client/Server databases
 Multitier Client/Server databases
 Enterprise applications
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
systems
 Data warehousing implementations

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 Figure 1-6 Two-tier database with local
area network

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 Figure 1-7 Three-tiered client/server database
architecture

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 Enterprise Database
Applications
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Integrate all enterprise functions
(manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
 Data Warehouse
 Integrated decision support system derived
from various operational databases

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 Figure 1-8a Evolution of database technologies

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 Enterprise Data Model
 First step in database development
 Specifies scope and general content
 Overall picture of organizational data at
high level of abstraction
 Entity-relationship diagram
 Descriptions of entity types
 Relationships between entities
 Business rules
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 FIGURE 1-9 Example business function-to-data entity matrix

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 Two Approaches to
Database and IS
 SDLC Development
 System Development Life Cycle
 Detailed, well-planned development process
 Time-consuming, but comprehensive
 Long development cycle
 Prototyping
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling
 Define database during development of initial prototype
 Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with
new prototype versions

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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10)
Planning

Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Implementation

Maintenance

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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10) (cont.)
Planning
Planning Purpose–preliminary understanding
Deliverable–request for study
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity– Implementation

enterprise modeling
and early conceptual
Maintenance
data modeling

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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10) (cont.)
Purpose–thorough requirements analysis
Planning and structuring
Deliverable–functional system specifications
Analysis
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity–thorough Implementation

and integrated conceptual
data modeling
Maintenance

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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10) (cont.)
Purpose–information requirements elicitation
Planning and structure
Deliverable–detailed design specifications
Analysis

Logical Design
Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity– Implementation

logical database design
(transactions, forms,
Maintenance
displays, views, data
integrity and security)
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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10) (cont.)
Purpose–develop technology and
Planning organizational specifications

Deliverable–program/data
Analysis structures, technology purchases,
organization redesigns
Logical Design

Physical Design
Physical Design

Database activity– Implementation

physical database design
(define database to DBMS,
Maintenance
physical data organization,
database processing programs)
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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10) (cont.)
Purpose–programming, testing,
Planning training, installation, documenting

Analysis Deliverable–operational programs,

documentation, training materials

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity–
database implementation, Implementation
Implementation
including coded programs,
documentation, Maintenance
installation and conversion

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 Systems Development Life Cycle
(see also Figure 1-10) (cont.)
Purpose–monitor, repair, enhance
Planning

Deliverable–periodic audits
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity–
database maintenance, Implementation
performance analysis
and tuning, error Maintenance
Maintenance
corrections

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 Prototyping Database
Methodology
(Figure 1-11)

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 Prototyping Database
Methodology
(Figure 1-11) (cont.)

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 Prototyping Database
Methodology
(Figure 1-11) (cont.)

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 Prototyping Database
Methodology
(Figure 1-11) (cont.)

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 Prototyping Database
Methodology
(Figure 1-11) (cont.)

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 Database Schema
 External Schema
 User Views
 Subsets of Conceptual Schema
 Can be determined from business-function/data
entity matrices
 DBA determines schema for different users
 Conceptual Schema
 E-R models–covered in Chapters 2 and 3
 Internal Schema
 Logical structures–covered in Chapter 4
 Physical structures–covered in Chapter 5

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 Figure 1-12 Three-schema architecture

Different people
have different
views of the
database…these
are the external
schema

The internal
schema is the
underlying
design and
implementation

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 Managing Projects
 Project–a planned undertaking of related
activities to reach an objective that has a
beginning and an end
 Involves use of review points for:
 Validation of satisfactory progress
 Step back from detail to overall view
 Renew commitment of stakeholders
 Incremental commitment–review of systems
development project after each development
phase with rejustification after each phase

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 Managing Projects: People
Involved
 Business analysts
 Systems analysts
 Database analysts and data modelers
 Users
 Programmers
 Database architects
 Data administrators
 Project managers
 Other technical experts

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 FIGURE 1-13 Computer
System for Pine Valley
Furniture Company

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