NETWORK TODAY

Presented by : Kartikee Singh

How Network affects our lives ?

 Networking technology has become an integral part of our daily lives,

playing a significant role in how we communicate, access information,
and engage with the world around us. From the devices we use to the
platforms we interact with, networking technology silently weaves its
way into our routines.
 COMPONENTS OF NETWORK
 NIC
 NIC stands for network interface card.
 NIC is a hardware component used to connect a computer with another computer onto a
network
 It can support a transfer rate of 10,100 to 1000 Mb/s.
 The MAC address or physical address is encoded on the network card chip which is assigned by
the IEEE to identify a network card uniquely. The MAC address is stored in the PROM
(Programmable read-only memory).
 Wired NIC: The Wired NIC is present inside the motherboard. Cables and connectors are used
with wired NIC to transfer data.
 Wireless NIC: The wireless NIC contains the antenna to obtain the connection over the wireless
network. For example, laptop computer contains the wireless NIC.
 Hub
 A Hub is a hardware device that divides the network connection among multiple devices. When
computer requests for some information from a network, it first sends the request to the Hub
through cable. Hub will broadcast this request to the entire network. All the devices will check
whether the request belongs to them or not. If not, the request will be dropped.
 The process used by the Hub consumes more bandwidth and limits the amount of
communication. Nowadays, the use of hub is obsolete, and it is replaced by more advanced
computer network components such as Switches, Routers.
 Switch
 A switch is a hardware device that connects multiple devices on a computer network. A Switch
contains more advanced features than Hub. The Switch contains the updated table that decides
where the data is transmitted or not. Switch delivers the message to the correct destination
based on the physical address present in the incoming message. A Switch does not broadcast the
message to the entire network like the Hub. It determines the device to whom the message is to
be transmitted. Therefore, we can say that switch provides a direct connection between the
source and destination. It increases the speed of the network.
 Router
 A router is a hardware device which is used to connect a LAN with an internet connection. It is
used to receive, analyze and forward the incoming packets to another network.
 A router works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference model.
 A router forwards the packet based on the information available in the routing table.
 It determines the best path from the available paths for the transmission of the packet.
 Modem
 A modem is a hardware device that allows the computer to connect to the internet over the
existing telephone line.
 A modem is not integrated with the motherboard rather than it is installed on the PCI slot found
on the motherboard.
 It stands for Modulator/Demodulator. It converts the digital data into an analog signal over the
telephone lines.
 Cables and Connectors
 Cable is a transmission media used for transmitting a signal.
 There are three types of cables used in transmission:
 Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Fibre-optic cable
Computer Network Types

 A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that

enables the computer to communicate with another computer and
share their resources, data, and applications.
 A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer
network is mainly of four types:
 LAN(Local Area Network)
 Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as
building, office.
 LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium
such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
 It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and
ethernet cables.
 The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
 Local Area Network provides higher security.
 PAN(Personal Area Network)
 Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range
of 10 meters.
 Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network. Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
 Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop,
mobile phones, media player and play stations.
 Metropolitan Area Network)
 A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
 Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
 In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
 The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL,
etc.
 Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:
 MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
 It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
 It can be used in a college within a city.
 It can also be used for communication in the military.
 WAN(Wide Area Network)
 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or
countries.
 A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
 A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical
area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
 The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
 A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.
 Examples Of Wide Area Network:
 Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.
 Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in
hundreds of cities by connecting their home with fiber.
 Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network
is made by using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to
each other. There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology.
 Types of Network Topology
 Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network. There are six
types of network topology which are Bus Topology, Ring Topology, Tree Topology, Star Topology,
Mesh Topology, and Hybrid Topology.
 Computer Network Topologies
 The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
 Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or
directly connected to the backbone cable.
 When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a
message over the network. All the stations available in the network will
receive the message whether it has been addressed or not.
 The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard
networks.
 The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to
other topologies.
 The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the
message is broadcast to all the stations.
 The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access).
• Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
• The node that receives the message from the previous computer will retransmit to the next
node.
• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
• The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop.
• It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having no termination
point.
• The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
• The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.
• Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is passed from one node to another node.
• Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.
 3) Star Topology

• Star topology is an
arrangement of the network in
which every node is connected
to the central hub, switch or a
central computer.
• The central computer is known
as a server, and the peripheral
devices attached to the server
are known as clients.
• Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables
are used to connect the
computers.
• Hubs or Switches are mainly
used as connection devices in
a physical star topology.
• Star topology is the most
popular topology in network
 4) Tree topology

• Tree topology combines the characteristics of

bus topology and star topology.
• A tree topology is a type of structure in which
all the computers are connected with each
other in hierarchical fashion.
• The top-most node in tree topology is known
as a root node, and all other nodes are the
descendants of the root node.
• There is only one path exists between two
nodes for the data transmission. Thus, it
forms a parent-child hierarchy.
 Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are interconnected with
each other through various redundant connections.
 There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
 It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a central point of
communication.
 The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
 Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where communication failures are a
critical concern.
 Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
 Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
 Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
 Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.
• Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each computer is
connected to all the computers available in the network.
• Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology, not all but certain
computers are connected to those computers with which they
communicate frequently.
 ) Hybrid Topology

• The combination of various different

topologies is known as Hybrid
topology.
• A Hybrid topology is a connection
between different links and nodes to
transfer the data.
• When two or more different
topologies are combined together is
termed as Hybrid topology and if
similar topologies are connected with
each other will not result in Hybrid
topology. For example, if there exist a
ring topology in one branch of ICICI
bank and bus topology in another
branch of ICICI bank, connecting
 Current Network Trends
 1. SD-WAN adoption to increase
 SD-WAN (Software-Defined Wide Area Networking) has steadily gained momentum, but 2025
could mark a tipping point for its adoption. Why?

 Organisations are under increasing pressure to enhance their network flexibility while controlling
operational costs.

 SD-WAN provides flexible, secure, and scalable connections by leveraging long-term evolution
(LTE) and broadband internet, significantly reducing reliance on costly MPLS (Multiprotocol Label
Switching) circuits.
 2. Microsegmentation
 The need for robust cybersecurity solutions continues to escalate, especially with the rise of
hybrid work and increasingly sophisticated threats. Microsegmentation offers an elegant and
effective response to this challenge.
 Microsegmentation divides a network into smaller, isolated segments, making it far more difficult
for attackers to move laterally within an organisation’s IT infrastructure. It enhances security by
focusing on protecting individual workloads and devices, enforcing granular access controls, and
ensuring that traffic between segments is tightly controlled.
 Secure Access Service Edge (SASE)
 SASE is rapidly emerging as a critical framework for modern networking, driven by the growing
importance of cloud and edge computing. It combines networking and security into a unified,
cloud-native architecture, addressing the challenges of managing diverse environments in a
mobile-first, cloud-centric world.
 Multicloud networking software
 Companies no longer rely on a single cloud provider; instead, they are embracing a multicloud
approach to optimise costs, improve redundancy, and avoid vendor lock-in.
 Multicloud networking software is vital for enabling seamless connectivity, consistent
performance and simplified management across diverse cloud environments. It ensures that
applications and workloads perform optimally regardless of their cloud location.

 5G will continue to evolve as a game changer

 While 5G is still in the “trough of disillusionment,” it remains a transformative technology with a
current global market size estimated at $28 billion in 2024, projected to reach $60 billion by
2029 and growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.8%. The delay in realising
its full commercial potential can be attributed to the enormous capital expenditure required for
infrastructure and the slow monetisation of these investments. However, its long-term impact is
undeniable.

 5G enables IoT (Internet of Things), autonomous vehicles and smart cities. Its ultra-low latency
and high bandwidth capabilities will revolutionise connectivity, driving massive innovation
across industries.


 Thank you