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First Order Differential Equations Final

First-order differential equations (DEs) involve the first derivative and can be categorized into types such as separable, linear, exact, homogeneous, Bernoulli, Riccati, and Clairaut. Common solving methods include integration, substitution, and using integrating factors, with applications in fields like physics, engineering, biology, and economics. The document also contrasts first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with partial differential equations (PDEs).

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26 views15 pages

First Order Differential Equations Final

First-order differential equations (DEs) involve the first derivative and can be categorized into types such as separable, linear, exact, homogeneous, Bernoulli, Riccati, and Clairaut. Common solving methods include integration, substitution, and using integrating factors, with applications in fields like physics, engineering, biology, and economics. The document also contrasts first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with partial differential equations (PDEs).

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rsuperstar749
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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First-Order Differential Equations

Presented by: [Your Name]


BSc Mathematics
Introduction to Differential
Equations
• - A differential equation (DE) involves an
unknown function and its derivatives.
• - Order is determined by the highest
derivative.
• - First-order DEs involve only the first
derivative dy/dx.
• - Example: dy/dx = 2x + y.
General Form of a First-Order
Differential Equation
• - Standard form: dy/dx = f(x, y)
• - Implicit form: M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0
• - Examples:
• 1. dy/dx = 3x + 2y (Linear)
• 2. dy/dx = y² + x (Nonlinear)
• 3. (2x + y)dx + (3y - x)dy = 0 (Implicit)
Types of First-Order Differential
Equations
• - Separable Equations: M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0
• - Linear Differential Equations: dy/dx + P(x)y =
Q(x)
• - Exact Equations: Mdx + Ndy = 0 (if ∂M/∂y =
∂N/∂x)
• - Homogeneous Equations: dy/dx = F(y/x)
• - Bernoulli’s Equation: dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x)y^n
Solving Separable Differential
Equations
• - Example: dy/dx = xy
• 1. Rewrite as dy/y = x dx
• 2. Integrate both sides: ∫(dy/y) = ∫x dx
• 3. ln|y| = x²/2 + C
• 4. y = e^(x²/2 + C)
Solving Linear Differential
Equations
• - Standard form: dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x)
• 1. Compute Integrating Factor (IF): IF =
e^(∫P(x)dx)
• 2. Multiply by IF and integrate
• 3. Solve for y
Applications of First-Order
Differential Equations
• - Population Growth: dP/dt = kP → P(t) =
P₀e^(kt)
• - Newton’s Cooling Law: dT/dt = -k(T - T_env)
• - Radioactive Decay: dN/dt = -λN → N(t) =
N₀e^(-λt)
• - Electrical Circuits: L(di/dt) + Ri = V(t)
Exact Differential Equations
• - A DE of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is
exact if ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x.
• - Solution involves finding a potential function
F(x, y) such that dF = Mdx + Ndy.
Integrating Factors
• - Used when a DE is not exact.
• - An integrating factor μ(x, y) converts it into
an exact equation.
• - Common methods to find μ(x, y):
• • If (∂M/∂y - ∂N/∂x)/N is a function of x only,
μ = e^(∫f(x)dx).
• • If (∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y)/M is a function of y only,
μ = e^(∫g(y)dy).
Riccati Differential Equation
• - A nonlinear first-order equation of the form
dy/dx = A(x) + B(x)y + C(x)y².
• - Special cases can be reduced to linear or
Bernoulli equations.
• - Solved using substitution methods or known
solutions.
Clairaut’s Equation
• - A first-order differential equation of the form
y = x(dy/dx) + f(dy/dx).
• - Solution includes:
• • General solution: Found by eliminating
dy/dx.
• • Singular solution: Obtained by
differentiating the general solution.
First-Order PDEs vs. ODEs
• - ODEs depend on a single variable.
• - PDEs involve multiple independent variables.
• - Example:
• • ODE: dy/dx + y = x
• • PDE: ∂u/∂x + ∂u/∂y = 0.
Summary
• - First-order DEs involve only the first
derivative.
• - Common types: Separable, Linear, Exact,
Homogeneous, Bernoulli, Riccati, Clairaut.
• - Solving methods: Integration, Substitution,
Integrating Factors.
• - Applications in physics, engineering, biology,
and economics.
Real-Life Applications of First-Order
DEs
• - Economics: Modeling interest rates and
market trends.
• - Medicine: Predicting the spread of diseases.
• - Engineering: Designing control systems and
circuits.
• - Environmental Science: Modeling population
dynamics and pollution levels.
Questions?

Feel free to ask!

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