Practical Part1-SQL Commands
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asoala81Practical Part1-SQL Commands
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asoala81Types of SQL Commands
There are five types of SQL commands:
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
3. Data Control Language(DCL)
4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)
5. Data Query Language(DQL)
SQL Commands
SQL Commands
DDL DML DCL TCL DQL
CREATE INSERT GRANT COMMIT SELECT
DROP UPDATE ROVOKE ROLLBACK
ALTER DELETE SAVEPOINT
TRUNCATE
A- CREATE It is used to create a new table in
the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (
COLUMN_NAME1 DATATYPES (size),
COLUMN_NAMEN DATATYPES (size), );
Example:
1- Create database
Example: Create database
charmo;
2- Create table
Example:
Create table student (
studentID int,
FirstName
varchar(255),
LastName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
B- DROP: This statement is used to drop an existing database.
1-Drop database
Syntax
DROP DATABASE DatabaseName
Example:
DROP DATABASE Employee
2- Drop table
Syntax
DROP TABLE TableName
Example:
DROP Table Emp;
NOTE :This statement is used to drop an existing table. When you use this statement, complete
information present in the table will be lost.
MODIFY DATATYPE OF COLUMN
This statement is used to change the datatype
of an existing column in a table.
Syntax
ALTER TABLE TableName
ALTER COLUMN ColumnName Datatype;
Example
ALTER column age int;
D- TRUNCATE
This command is used to delete the information present in the
table but does not delete the table. So, once you use this
command, your information will be lost, but not the table.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
Delete from EMPLOYEE where age>30;
insert into [dbo].[ff]
(emyName,Number,Id)
values
('aram',99,1),
('ali',100,2),
('lana',25,3);
select *from[dbo].[ EMPLOYEE];
Delete from ff where Number>30;
TRUNCATE TABLE ff;
2. Data Manipulation Language
a. DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
b. The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save
all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.
A. INSERT
B. UPDATE
C. DELETE
D. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert
data into the row of a table.
5. Data Query Language
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.
SELECT
This statement is used to select data from a database and the data returned is
stored in a result table, called the result-set.
Syntax
SELECT
Column1,
Column2, ...ColumN,
FROM TableName;
--(*) is used to select all from the table
SELECT * FROM table_name;
-- To select the number of records to return use:
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM TableName;
Apart from just using the SELECT keyword individually, you can use the
following keywords with the SELECT statement:
1. DISTINCT
2. ORDER BY
3. GROUP BY
4. HAVING Clause
5. INTO
1- ‘SELECT DISTINCT’ Statement
This statement is used to return only different values.
Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT
Column1, Column2, ...ColumnN FROM TableName;
SELECT DISTINCT MobNo FROM Emp;
Example
2- ‘ORDER BY’ Statement
The ‘ORDER BY’ statement is used to sort the required results in ascending
or descending order. The results are sorted in ascending order by default.
Yet, if you wish to get the required results in descending order, you have to
use the DESC keyword.
Syntax
SELECT Column1, Column2, ...ColumnN FROM
TableName ORDER BY Column1, Column2, ... ASC|
DESC;
Column1, Column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Example
Select all employees from the 'Emp’ table sorted by EmpNo: SELECT *
FROM Emp ORDER BY EmpNo;
-- Select all employees from the 'Emp table sorted by EmpNo in Descending order:
SELECT * FROM Employee Info ORDER BY EmpNo DESC;
-- Select all employees from the 'Empl’ table sorted by EmpNo and EName:
SELECT * FROM Emp ORDER BY EmpNo, EName;
/* Select all employees from the 'Emp' table sorted bsoEmpNo in
Descending order and Ename in Ascending order: */
SELECT * FROM Emp ORDER BY EmpNo ASC, Ename DESC
4- ‘HAVING’ Clause
The ‘HAVING’ clause is used in SQL because the WHERE keyword cannot
be used everywhere.
Syntax
SELECT ColumnName(s) FROM TableName WHERE Condition
GROUP BY ColumnName(s) HAVING Condition ORDER BY
ColumnName(s);
Example
To list the number of employees in each city. The employees should be sorted high to low and
only those cities must be included who have more than 5 employees:*/
SELECT COUNT(EmpNo), City FROM Emp GROUP BY City HAVING COUNT(EmpNo) > 2 ORDER BY
COUNT(EmpNo) DESC;
5- ‘SELECT INTO’ Statement
The ‘SELECT INTO’ statement is used to copy data from one table
to another.
Syntax
SELECT * INTO NewTable IN ExternalDB FROM
OldTable WHERE Condition;
Example
To create a backup of database 'Employee' SELECT * INTO EmpNo FROM Emp
The End
