Introduction of Computer

What is Computer:-

Computer is an electronic machine which takes data as input and produce output through set of programs. It is a combination of hardware and software. The machine is hardware and the data and instructions are

software.

How to work:- input  process  output

 History of Computer:-

Computer was invented by charles babbage between 1833 and 1871. He is also know as
father of computer.

1991 first real kind computer

Generation of computer:-
 Generation
1st and 2nd generation

3rd and 4th generation 5th generation

integrated circuit artificial intelligence

microprocessor
The characteristics of the computer system are
as follows −
 Component of computer:-

● CPU(central processing unit)

● Motherboard
● Processor (is a control centre)
● Memory (RAM) example of office files work
● case/chassis
● Power supply
● Floppy disc (1.44 MB)
● Hard disc
● CD-ROM,CD-RW,DVD-ROM DRIVE
● Keyboard
● Mouse
● Video card
● Monitor
● Sound card
● Speakers
● modem
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is called "the brain of computer" as it
controls operation of all parts of computer. It consists of two components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and Control Unit.
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CPU itself has following three components
● Memory or storage unit
● Centrol unit
● ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
 Motherboard:-

A motherboard is

the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer.

the motherboard is a computer's central communications backbone connectivity point,

through which all components and external peripherals connect.

 Memory

RAM(random access memory):-

is the temporary storage in your computer that gives applications a place to store and access data on a short-
term basis. Having more RAM means that more data can be accessed and read almost instantly, as opposed
to being written on your hard drive or SSD.

RAM example :- office files work SSD = SOLID - STATE DRIVE

Case /Chassis
 Power supply:-
Power Supplies are electronic devices that supply electric energy to an electrical load. The primary function of power supply
components is to convert one form of electrical energy to another. Power Supply devices are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters and are used in applications such as computer power supplies, welding power supplies, and AC adapters.

SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply )

 Floppy drive:-

The floppy drive is a piece of computer hardware that reads data from, and writes data to, a small
disk. The most common type is the 3.5-inch drive, followed by the 5.25-inch drive, among other
sizes.
1.44 MB
 Hard disc:-
A hard drive stores all your data, where all your files and folders are physically located.

A hard disk drive (HDD) is

an internal or external computer component that stores data, such as the operating system, applications, and user
files.
HDDs are “non-volatile” storage devices, meaning they retain stored data even when power isn't being supplied.
 CD-ROM:-

CD-RW (700MB)

Compact Disc-Rewritable
 Keyboard & Mouse :-
is a hand-operated

Mouse
is a hand-operated pointing device.
 Video card

● therefore the overall performance for a computer

could improve in addition to increased performance
in graphics processing.
● improvements to performance can be seen in video
gaming, 3D animation, and video editing.
 Monitor:-
is a hand-operated pointing device.
Modem
A modem is a computational device
which is used to convert data into a
signal.

01
Speakers
Computer refers to mainly two major elements which are as
following:-

1. Hardware

2. Software
 Hardware

All physical devices used in computer which we can see and

touch are known as hardware.
For example:-
 Input devices:-

Those devices which are used for giving instructions in form of data to
computer are know as input devices. Some of input devices are following:
1.Keyboard:-
2.Mouse:-
3.Scanner :-
4..Microphone :-
5.Touchscreen:-
6.light -pen:-
 Output device:-

Devices used to display the results or informations are known

as output devices. Some of output devices are as following:
1. Monitor :-
 DISPLAY

LCD - liquid crystal display.

LED - light-emitting diodes.
2. Printer:-
3.Speaker :-
 Computer Memory
Primary Memory
Primary memory is the main memory of
computer present in motherboard. Primary
memory is of two types as shown in the image
below.
 Software :-

Software is a collection of data or computer instructions which

tells the computer how to work the help of hardware.
● System software
● Application software
System software:-
The system software is collocation of programs designed , control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software generally prepared by
computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level
language which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as
the interface between hardware and the end users.
 Application software:-
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular environment.

All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of application
software.

Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft notepad for writing and editing
simple text. It may also consist of a collection of program, often called a software package, which work
together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
Example of application software are following:-

● Payroll software
● Student record software
● Inventory management software
● Income tax software
● Railways reservation software
● Microsoft office suite software
● Microsoft word
● Microsoft excel
● Microsoft PowerPoint
 Programming language:-
A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific task.
The term programming language usually refers to high-level language, such as BASIC,C,C+
+,COBOL,AND FORTRAN,Ada,and pascal. Each language has a unique set of keywords
(words that it understand) and a special syntax for organizing program instruction.
 Concept of data processing:-

Data processing, manipulation of data by a computer. It includes the conversion of raw data
to machine-readable form,flow of data through the CPU and memory to output devices, and
formatting or transformation of output. Any use of computer to perform defined operations on
data can be included under data processing. In the commercial world,data processing refers
to the processing of data required to run organization and businesses.
 Stages of the data processing cycle;-

1. Collection:- is the first stages of the cycle, and is very crucial,since the
quality of data collected will impact heavily on the output. The collection process
needs to ensure that the data gathered are both defined and accurate, so that
subsequent decisions based on the findings are valid. This stage provides both the
baseline from which to measure,and a target on what to improve.some types of
data collection include census, sample survey,and administrative by product.
2) preparation:- is the manipulation of data into a form suitable for further analysis and
processing, Raw data cannot be processed and must be checked for accuracy. Preparation is
about constructing a dataset from one or more data sources to be used for further exploration
and processing. Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for problems can produce
highly misleading results that are heavily dependent on the quality of data prepared.

3) input:- is the task where verified data is coded or converted into machine
readable form so that it can be processed through a computer.data entry is
done through the use of a keyboard,digitizer, scanner,or data entry from an
existing source. This time-consuming process requires speed and
accuracy.most data need to follow a formal and strict syntax since a great
deal of processing power is required to breakdown the complex data at this
stage. Due to the costs,many businesses are resorting to outsource this
stage.
4) processing:-
Is when the data is subjected to various means and methods of manipulation,the point where
a computer program is being executed,and it contains the program code and its current
activity. The process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that simultaneously
execute instructions, depending on the operating system. While a computer program is a
passive collection of instructions,a process is the actual execution of those instructions.many
software program are available for processing large volumes of data within very short
periods.
5) output and interpretation:-

Is the stage where processed information is now transmitted to the user.Output is

presented to users in various reports formats like printed report,audio,video,or on
monitor. Output need to be interpreted so that it can provide meaningful
information that will guide future decisions of the company
6) storage:-
Is the last stage in the data processing cycle,where data instruction and

information are held for future use, the importance of this cycle is that it
allows quick access and retrieval of the processed information,allowing it to
be passed on to the next stage directly, when needed. Every computer uses
storage to hold system and application software.
 Application of IECT

IECT or information,Electronic and communication technology is used in

various sector. IECT can be used to generate quality manpower. Example
of some of the sector is given below.

1. E-administration:-
It refers to improving government processes and the internal working of public sector with
new ICT- executed information processes.
common operating macine
particularly used for technological
educational research
 2. E-governance:-

Governance refers to the exercise of political,economic and administrative authority in the

management of a country’s affairs,including citizens’ articulation of their interests and exercise
of their legal rights and obligations.
3. E-services:-
It refers to improved delivery of public services to citizens. Some example of interactive
services are - requests for public document,requests for legal document and certificates,issuing
permits and licenses.
4. E-democracy:-
It implies greater and more active citizen participation and involvement enable by ICTs in the
decision-making process.
Multimedia and entertainment :-
In today’s electronic era computer have invaded almost every field of our life and entertainment is no
exception. With advancement in computer hardware and widespread reach of internet, computer has become
a useful tool in entertainment. Using computer, you can listen music, watch movies and DVDs, play games
and even hook up your cable connection. All this has been possible due to advancement in multimedia is a
combination of pictures, audio, video, animation, and text for improving content displayed by the computer.
E.g. using Microsoft windows xp media centre edition, you can run almost anything (DVD,mp3,ipad,home
theatre system, etc) you want using your computer as the hub.
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