MAHATMA JOYTI RAO PHOOLE

UNIVERSITY

PAPER II, COUNSELLING

SUBMITTED BY:SAKSHI SHARMA SUBMITTED TO:MS. NITIKA

• "An effort to help the client engage in those types of behavior which will lead to a resolution of the
client's problems" (Krumboltz, 1966).
• "Counselling denotes a professional relationship between a trained counselor and a client. Relationship
is usually person-to-person, and is designed to help clients to understand and clarify their views of their
lifespace, and to learn to reach their self-determined goals through meaningful, well-informed choices
and through resolution of problem” (Burks &Stefflre, 1979).
• Counseling is a series of direct contact with the individual which aims to offer him or her assistance in
changing attitude & behavior. -CARL ROGERS
EARLY PIONEERS
• FRANK PARSON : Father of vocational guidance.
He put forth three factors that are essential for young people while choosing a vocation:
1) Knowledge of work
2) Knowledge of self
3) True reasoning of the above two
JESSE B. DAVIS :A systematized guidance program in the public schools was set up by him. The main objective
was to help students understand their personality and become responsible workers in future.

CLIFFORD BEERS:A systematized guidance program in the public schools was set up by him. The main objective
was to help students understand their personality and become responsible workers in future.
 GOALS
Certain important goals and objectives of Counselling are as follows:
• Facilitating behavior change: Counsellor aims at behavioral change in the client so that it leads to reduction of
stress, bringing harmony and fulfillment in relationships.
• Resolution of problems: Counselling aims at solving the problems with which the clients came to Counselling.
It thus aims at changing maladaptive behavior, and learning effective strategies to solve and prevent problems.
• Enhancing coping skills: One pertinent aspect of Counselling is to strengthen clients’ coping mechanisms so
that they can use effective strategies.
• Promoting decision making: Techniques employed in Counselling help people make choices and solve
problems. Client learns to make effective decisions.
• Improving relationships: Interpersonal as well as intra personal enhancement must be worked upon.
• Facilitating the client's potential: Every individual has the strengths to overcome discomforting situations.
Counselling needs to facilitate exploring the inner potentials of client. The process of in recognizing client’s
strengths and steers these toward effective problem solving and decision making.
• Achievement of positive mental health: Counselling not only aims at resolving problems and sufferings, but
goes beyond it to highlight building up of resources and strengths in individuals. An important goal of
Counselling is promotion of positive feelings, mental health and wellbeing.
TYPES OF COUNSELING
• Educational Counselling caters to the needs arising from the context of education. Present education system is
challenged by diversities in classroom, technological advancement, competitive environment, overemphasis on
academic achievement etc. which leaves the child anxious, confused and stressed.

• Vocational guidance and career Counselling refers to Counselling related to the choice of a career, and
deciding on pursuing a particular career

• Personal-social Counselling concerns issues related to the growth and development of oneself and functioning
in a social context. It helps the person to develop awareness about herself/himself, achieve the potentials
within and to develop fully in all aspects.

• Marriage or Couples Counseling: Also known as couples therapy, this type of counseling helps couples resolve
conflicts, improve communication, and strengthen their relationships
• Family Counseling: Family therapy involves working with families to address issues such as family
conflicts, parenting problems, and communication breakdowns. The focus is on improving family
dynamics and relationships.

• Group Counseling: In group therapy, individuals with similar concerns or issues meet together with a
trained therapist to share experiences, provide support, and learn coping strategies. Group therapy
can be effective for various concerns, including addiction, grief, and social anxiety.

• Addiction Counseling: Addiction counselors work with individuals struggling with substance abuse or
behavioral addictions, such as gambling or compulsive eating. Treatment often involves both
individual and group therapy.

• Grief Counseling: Grief counselors help individuals cope with the loss of a loved one, providing
support and guidance through the grieving process.
• Child and Adolescent Counseling: Counselors who specialize in working with children and teenagers
address issues like behavioral problems, academic difficulties, bullying, and emotional challenges.

• Trauma Counseling: Trauma-focused therapy helps individuals who have experienced traumatic
events, such as physical or sexual abuse, combat trauma, or accidents, to process and heal from their
experiences.
TECHNIQUES
• Active Listening: Counsellors not only listen to the words spoken by the clients but also to the feelings,
facial expressions, emotions, gestures, and unspoken thoughts of the clients. This means, that when the
client speaks the counselor must give full attention. Active listening is essential for arriving at an objective
assessment of the client’s problem and determining appropriate strategies for starting the healing process.

• Attending: Total attention-giving behavior of the counsellor means using body language, facial expression,
eye contact, head nod and such other non-verbal expressions. If the counsellor is attending to phone calls,
writing on the note pad, not looking at the client, sitting away from the client with crossed arms, showing
no facial expression or such other cues would be perceived by the client as devaluing him/her. Leaning
forward towards the client indicates an attending gesture. On the other hand, if the counsellor sits or leans
too closely, the client may feel intimidated and withdraws instead of opening about the problem.
• Paraphrasing: This is restating or rewording the content (what is said by the client) back to the client. .
Paraphrasing involves reflection of the content and feelings of the client. Paraphrasing and reflection help
in confirming with the client if the counsellor has understood the problem as narrated by the client

• Empathy: This refers to the counsellor’s ability to sense what the client is feeling, experiencing and
thinking. Empathic skill involves the use of attending, listening and interpersonal sensitivity of the
counsellor.

• Asking Questions: Counsellors ask questions for fact finding and engaging with the client. Fact finding
questions are used for collecting data such as age, occupation, family status etc. regarding a new client.
Open-ended questions help in engaging and establishing a relationship with the client. Open-ended
questions are used to elicit a response from the client, probe and expand a response given by the client or
explore deeper into the client’s problem.
• Self-disclosure: This refers to the counsellor stating feelings about a similar situation as the client is presently
in. According to Kottler and Kottler (2007), “Self-disclosures are best employed when you wish to (a)
demonstrate that the student is not alone, (b) bridge perceived distance between you, and (c) model
openness ”. They maintain that self-disclosures should have the following features.

• It should be concise.

• It should be devoid of self-indulgence.

• It should be used very conservatively.

• Summarizing: After listening to a series of statements or at the end of a session, the counselor summarizes the
content presented by the client. Through summarizing, the counselor attempts to find out if s/he has properly
understood the frame of reference of the client and also helps the client to place his/her problem in
perspective.
COUNSELING APPROACHES:

• Cognitive Approach: We define this as any therapy that is based on the belief that our
thoughts are directly connected to how we feel. The cognitive therapies include Rational-
Emotive, Cognitive-behavioral, Reality, and Transactional Analysis. Therapists in the cognitive
field work with clients to solve present-day problems by helping them to identify distorted
thinking that causes emotional discomfort. Rather, what’s wrong with my present thinking
that it is causing distress. Common traits among the cognitive approaches include a
collaborative relationship between client and therapist, homework between sessions, and
the tendency to be of short duration. These therapies are best known for treating mild
depression, anxiety, and anger problems.
• Behavioral Approach: This is based on the premise that primary learning comes from experience.
The initial concern in therapy is to help the client analyze behavior, define problems, and select goals.
Therapy often includes homework, behavioral experiments, role-playing, assertiveness training, and
self-management training. Like its cognitive therapy cousins, it utilizes collaboration between client
and therapist and is usually of short duration.

• The humanistic approach: focuses on the person's present rather than his past. Humanistic
counselors treat the patients as clients on an equal level to that of the counselor. This theory holds a
person is inherently good and tries to understand a person’s goals and steers them towards self-
awareness. Carl Rogers, who developed this theory believes that every person controls their
destinies.
In humanistic counseling, the counselor provides a deeper understanding of
the person and focuses on the client’s innate ability to love and grow. The humanistic approach aims to
help the client reach self-actualization, as referred to by Maslow and Rogers. Humanistic therapies are
based on the fact that humans gravitate towards goodness, and can overcome obstacles and reach
their goals with the right support.
 Counselling Process:

1 ) Establish a safe, trusting environment

2) Help the person put their concern into words

3) Active listening: find out the client’s agenda: a) paraphrase, summarize, reflect, interpret, b) focus
on feelings, not events

4) Transform problem statements into goal statements.

5) Explore possible approaches to goal

6) Help person choose one way towards goal

7) Make a contract to fulfill the plan (or to take the next step)

8) Summarize what has occurred, clarify, get verification

9) Get feedback and confirmation