Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 7 : “The z-Transform and

Its Properties “
Lecture 8 : Rational Z transform and
Inverse z transform and its
application

Dr. Saeed Ali Binajjaj 1

The Direct Z-Transform
 The z-transform of a discrete time signal is defined as the
power series


X ( z)   x[ n ] z  n

n 

Notation : X ( z ) Z  x ( n)
 Where z is a complex variable. For convenience,
Z the z-transform of
a signal x[n] is denoted by x ( n)   X ( z )
X(z) = Z{x[n]}
 Since the z-transform is an infinite series, it exists only for
those values of z for which this series converges. The
Region of Convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of all values
of z for which this series converges.

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The Direct Z-Transform : ROC

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The Direct Z-Transform
 We illustrate the concepts by some simple examples.
A. x[n] = [1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1]

Solution: X(z) = 1 + 2z-1+ 5z-2 + 7z-3 + z-5,

ROC: entire z plane except z = 0
B. y[n] = [1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1]

Solution: Y(z) = z2 + 2z + 5 + 7z-1 + z-3

ROC: entire z-plane except z = 0 and z = .
C. R[n] = [0, 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1]

Solution: R(z)= z-2 + 2z-3 + 5z-4 + 7z-5 + z-7,

ROC: all z except z=0

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The Direct Z-Transform
 We illustrate the concepts by some simple examples.
D. p[n] = [n]
Solution: P(z) = 1,
ROC: entire z-plane.

E. q[n] = [n – k], k > 0

Solution: Q(z) = z-k,
ROC : entire z-plane except z=0.

F. r[n] = [n+k], k > 0

Solution: R(z) = zk,
ROC: entire z-plane except z = .

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The Direct Z-Transform
 Example2 : Determine the z-transform of
x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]
Solution:

X( z )   x[n]z  n
n 

 n  n
 1 1 
   z  n   z  1 
n 0  2  n 0  2 
2
1 1  1 
1  z   z   .......
2 2 
1
 ROC: |1/2 z-1| < 1, or
1 1
1 z
2 equivalently |z| > 1/2
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The Direct Z-Transform

  n

X( z )  a z n n
 az  1

n 0 n 0

1
1  az  az  1 2
  .......
1

1  az  1
ROC :| z || a |
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The Direct Z-Transform ( ZT –
table)

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Linearity
 Linearity :-

 Proof :-

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Linearity
 Example : Determine the z-transform of the signal x[n] = [3(2n) – 4(3n)]u[n]

1
n
 z[a u[n]] 
 ROC1: Z>2 and ROC2 : Z>3

1
ROC : z  a ROC: Z>3

1  az
1 1
 z[3(2)  43 ] 3
n n
1
4 1
1  2z 1  3z

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Linearity
 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal (cosw0n)u[n]
 Solution

1 jw 0n 1  jw 0n
 cos w 0n u[n]  e
 ROC : Z>1

 e
2 2
1 1 1 1
 zcos w 0n u[n]  
jw 0  1
2 1 e z 2 1  e  jw 0 z  1
1  z  1 cos w 0

1  2z  1 cos w 0  z  2

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Shifting
 Time shifting :-

 Proof :-

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Shifting
 Example : Determine the z-transform of the signal
ð[n-k] for k=1 and -1 , also find ROC for both cases
 Solution

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Shifting
 Example : Find the z-transform of a unit step
function. Use time shifting property to find z-
transform of u[n] – u[n-N].
 Solution :- The z-transform of u[n] can be found as
 
z[u[n]]   u[n]z n
 z  n Now the z-transform of
n  n 0 u[n]-u[n-N] may be
1 found as follows:
1 2
1  z z  ....... 
1  z 1
1  N 1
z[u[ n]  u[ n  N ]]  1
 z
1 z 1 z1
1 z N
 1
and ROC : Z  1 and Z 0
1 z
The Z-Transform Properties :
Scaling
 Scaling Property:-

 Proof :-

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Linearity

1  z  1 cos w 0
z[cos( w 0n )u[n] 
1  2z  1 cos w 0  z  2

1
1  az cos w0
 z[a cos w0 n u[n]] 
n
1 2 2
1  2az cos w0  a z

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The Z-Transform Properties : Time
reversal

 Proof :-
  
z[x[ n]]   x[ n]z   x[m]z   x[m] z  1
n m
 m
X( z  1 )
n  m  m 

Example 6: Determine the z-transform of u[-n].

Solution:

since z[u[n]] = 1/(1 – z-1) Z[u[-n]] = 1/(1-z)

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The Z-Transform Properties :
Convolution
 Convolution Property :-To study the LTI systems, convolution plays important role . Folding, shifting multiplications and summation are operations in computation of convolution. If x1[n]  X1(z) and x2[n]  X2(z) then x1[n]*x2[n] = X1(z)X2(z)
 Proof :- The convolution of x1[n] and x2[n] is defined as

The z-transform of x[n] is

 Upon interchanging the order of the summation and applying the time shifting property, we obtain


x[n]  x1[n] * x2 [n]   x1[k ]x2 [n  k ]
k 

 
   n
X( z )   x[n]z n
  1 x [k ]x 2 n  k z
n  n   n  

  
n

X( z )   x1 k   x 2 n  k z  X 2 z   x1 [k ]z  k X 2 z X1 z 
k   n   bin Ajjaj
Dr. Saeed k  18
The Z-Transform Properties :
Convolution
 Convolution using the z-Transform:-
 Basic Steps

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 The Z-Transform Properties :
Convolution
 Example: Compute the convolution of the signals

 Solution :-
1, 0 n 5
x1[ n] 1, 2,1 and x2 [ n] 
X1(z) = 1 – 2z-1 + z-2
X2(z) = 1 + z-1 + z-2 + z-3 + z-4 + z-5

0, elsewhere
 Now X(z) = X1(z)X2(z) = 1 – z-1 – z-6 + z-7
 Hence x[n] = [1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1]
 Note: You should verify this result from the definition of the convolution sum.

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The Rational Z-Transform :

Why Rational ?

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The Rational Z-Transform :

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The Rational Z-Transform :

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The Rational Z-Transform :

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The Rational Z-Transform :

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The Rational Z-Transform :

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The Inverse Z-Transform

 The inverse z-transform for the function 𝑋(𝑧) is defined as:

 The most famous methods for evaluation of inverse z transform are the
following :-
 Expansion into a series of term in the variable
 Partial-fraction expansion and table lookup.

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The Inverse Z-Transform

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The Inverse Z-Transform

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The Inverse Z-Transform

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The Inverse Z-Transform

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The Inverse Z-Transform

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Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
 The procedure to solve difference equation using Z-
Transform
 Apply the z-transform to the difference equation.

 Substitute the initial conditions.

 Solve for the difference equation in the z-transform

domain.

 Find the solution in the time domain by applying the

inverse z-transform.

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Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform

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Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
 Substituting the initial condition and z-transform on right
hand side using Table:

 Arranging Y(z) on left hand side

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Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
 Solving for A and B:

 Therefore,

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Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
 Problem: A DSP system is described by the following
differential equation with zero initial condition:

Determine the impulse response 𝑦(𝑛) due to the

impulse sequence 𝑥(𝑛)=𝛿(𝑛).
A.

B. b. Determine the system response 𝑦(𝑛) due to the unit

step function excitation, where 𝑢(𝑛)=1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛≥0
 Solution:

A. Applying the z-transform on both sides:

Applying On right side

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Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
Applying On right side
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We multiply the numerator and denominator by z2

Using the partial fraction expansion

Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
 Solving for A and B:

 Therefore,

:
 Hence the impulse response
Solution of Difference Equations Using
the z-Transform
B. The input is step unit function:

Corresponding z-transform:

Notice that

Using the partial fraction expansion