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Ground System (Earthing)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of earthing systems, including definitions, purposes, specifications, and methods of earthing. It emphasizes the importance of earthing for safety, protection against lightning, and maintaining voltage stability, while detailing factors influencing earth resistance and methods to reduce it. Additionally, it discusses the use of earth testers and lightning arrestors to ensure effective grounding and protection in electrical installations.

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murtessaahmed9
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125 views31 pages

Ground System (Earthing)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of earthing systems, including definitions, purposes, specifications, and methods of earthing. It emphasizes the importance of earthing for safety, protection against lightning, and maintaining voltage stability, while detailing factors influencing earth resistance and methods to reduce it. Additionally, it discusses the use of earth testers and lightning arrestors to ensure effective grounding and protection in electrical installations.

Uploaded by

murtessaahmed9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ground system (Earthing)

Terminology
• Earthing: The act of connecting exposed conductive parts of an installation to the main terminal
of installation
• Earthing Conductor: A protective conductor connecting the main earthing terminal of an
installation to an earth electrode
Earthing : Means connections of the neutral point of a supply system or the non-current carrying
parts of electrical apparatus, such as metallic frame work, metallic covering of cables, earth
terminals of socket outlet
Purpose of Earthing
• The basic purpose of earthing is to achieve the following objectives.
1. To save human life from danger/shock/earth by blowing fuse of leaky apparatus.
2. To protect all machines fed from overhead lines from lightning
3. To protect large buildings from atmospheric lightning
4. To maintain the line voltage constant.
Cont..
• Grounding : Is done for safety of the power system equipment by
connecting the live parts of it to the earth for providing return path to
the current in case of faulty/abnormal conditions.
• Return path: is the path that the current traces to go back to the
source, i.e. the current flows in loops. This path is generally of low
impedance value
Cont..
Specification regarding earthing of electrical Installation
The various important specifications regarding earthing as
recommended
1. Distance of earth from building :An earthing electrode shall not be
suited within a distance of 1.5m from the building whose installation
system is being earthed .
2. Size of Earth continuity conductor: The conductor, by means of which
the metal body of an equipment or appliance is connected to the earth,
is known as earth continuity conductor(ECC) The earth continuity can
be ensured either through metal conduit. The cross section of earth
continuity conductor should not less than 2.9 or half of the installation
conductor size
Cont..

3. Resistance of earth. There is no hard and fast rule. The main principle
regarding earth resistance is that the earth resistance should be low
enough to cause flow of current sufficient to operate the protective
relays or blow fuses in the evet of an earth fault. earth resistance
depends on he moisture content of the soil.
As a general rule the lower the value of earth resistance is better. The
followings are permissible values:
Large power station – 0.5Ω
Major power station - 1Ω
Small sub station - 2.0Ω
In all other cases - 5Ω Maximum
Earth continuity inside an installation i.e from the earth plate to any point
in the installation - 1Ω
Cont..

4. The earth wire and earth electrode will be of same material.


5. It is not necessary that earth wire connected to an earth electrode is
run along the whole wiring system. All the earth wires run along the
various sub circuits shall be terminated and looped firmly at the main
board the main earth wire shall be taken to the earth electrode.
6. The earthing electrode shall always be placed in vertical position
inside the earth or pit.
POINTS TO BE EARTHED
According to IEE regulation
1. Earth pin of lighting plug sockets and 4-pin power plug sockets should
be permanently and efficiently earthed
2. All metal casings or metallic coverings containing or protecting any
electric supply line.
Cont..

3. The metal casings of portable apparatus such as heaters,


refrigerators, hand lamps, soldering Irons electrical drill should be
connected to earth.
4. The frame of every generator, stationary motor and as far as
possible, portable motor and the metallic parts of all transformers and
any other apparatus used for regulating or controlling energy and all
medium voltage energy consuming apparatus should be earthed by two
separate connections with earth.
5. The neutral conductor of a 3- phase , 4- wire system and the middle
conductor of a 2-phase , 3- wire system should be earthed by not less
than two separate and distinct connections with earth.
Cont.
Cont.…
• FACORS INFLUENCING EARTH RESISTANCE
The resistance of earth system depends upon the following factors
1. Condition of soil
2. Temperature of soil
3. Moisture content of soil
4. Size and spacing of earth electrodes
5. Depth, at which the electrode is embedded
6. Material of conductor
7. Quality of coal dust and charcoal in the earth electrod pit.
Cont.…
Cont..

METHODES OF REDUCING EARTH RESISTANCE OF THE SYSTEM


Earth resistance depends upon the condition, temperature, moisture,
content of the soil, area of earth electrode, and depth to which it is
driven.
The earth resistance can be reduced by digging around the earth
electrode to a depth of 1.5or 2 metres, cleaning the surface of the
earth plate or pipe of all rust and then filling with charcoal soaked in
salt solution.
EARTH ELECTRODE AND EARTH LEAD
Any wire , pipe, rod or metal plate embedded in earth for the purpose
of making an effective connection with general mass of earth is known
as earth electrode.
Cont..

• The wire which connects overhead earth wire or any other apparatus
to be earthed to the earth electrode is known as earth lead
• METHODS OF EARTHING
1. Strip or wire Earthing ; In this system of earthing, strip electrodes of
cross section not less than 25mmX 1.6m if copper and 25mmx4m if of
galvanized iron or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of minimum
depth of .5metre. If round conductor is used their cross section area
shall not be smaller than 3 if of copper and 6 if of galvanized iron. This
type of earthing is used at places which have rocky soil earth bed
because at such places excavation work of plate earthing is difficult.
Cont..

2. Rod Earthing : In this system of earthing, 12.5mm diameter solid rods of


copper or 16mm diameter solid rods of galvanised iron or hollow section
25mm pipe of length not less than 2.5metres are driven vertically into the
earth.
3.Pipe earthing : This is the most common and best system of earthing as
compared to other systems suitable for the same earth and moisture
conditions. The size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and
type of soil. Usually the pipe used for this purpose is of diameter 40mm and
2.5metre in length for ordinary soil.
4. Plate Earthing: This is another type of common system of earthing. In
plate earthing an earthing plate either of copper of dimensions
60cmX60cmX3mm or of galvanized iron of dimensions 60cmX60cmX6mm is
buried in to the ground with its face vertical at the depth of not less than 3
metres from ground level.
Cont.…
DETERMINATION OF SIZE OF EARTH WIRE AND EARTH PLATE FOR DOMESTIC AND
MOTOR INSTALLATION
In case of low voltage supply, the consumer need not provide his own
earthing system, with n independent electrode as the supplier is required to
provide and maintain a suitable earthed terminal in an accessible position at
or near the point of commencement of supply at the consumer premises.
Hence earth plate is not required for domestic or low voltage installations.
In case of Motor installation consumer is to provide his own earthing system
The size of earth wire and earth plate used will depend upon the rating of
the motor for which it is to be used. The conductor used for earthing
purpose should not be of cross section less than that of 14SWG, and greater
than 64 from mechanical consideration. From electrical consideration the
copper earth ire should not be of size less than half of the largest current
carrying conductor.
Cont.…
Cont. ..
Earthing system
Cont..
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Cont..
Cont.…
Cont..
Cont..
Earth Tester
The instrument used for measuring the resistance of the earth is known
as earth Tester. All the equipment of the power system is connected to
the earth through the earth electrode. The earth protects the
equipment and personnel from the fault current. The resistance of the
earth is very low. The fault current through the earth electrode passes
to the earth Thus protects the system from damage.
Cont..
• There are two types of magger
1. Manually driven megohmmeter
2. Electronic megomemeter
Cont.…
Cont..
• The connections of test terminals X and Y: To calculate the transformer winding
resistance, then we connect the transformer winding between the two test terminals X
and Y.
Procedure for testing Insulation Resistance
First, connect the probe of magger one to the line(R), and the other to the ground. After
connecting the probes press the electronic magger TEST push Butten. If it is manual
magger, rotate the cranking shaft.
Now, repeat the above process by connecting the magger probes to the other lines
Blue(B) and then Yellow(Y), and check the insulation resistance.
If the resistance in magger indicates infinity, then the motor status is in good condition.
The zero resistance indicates a short circuit of winding with body, which indicates bad
insulation. Also , the low value resistance shows deterioration in insulation quality.
• If we want to measure the cable insulation when the cable is connected between the
two test terminals A and B
Lightning Arrestor
Introduction
Lightning arresters or surge diverters are used to protect the earth screen and
ground wires in an electrical systems against direct lightning strokes. They
conduct the high voltage surges to the ground without getting affected to the
system.
The lightning arrestor provides a cone of protection which has a ground radius
approximately to its height above the ground.
Working of lightning Arrester
The lightning arrestor protects the structure from damage by intersepting flashes
of lightning and transmitting their current to the round. Since the lightning strikes
the highest object in the vicinity, the rod is placed at the apex of tall structure. It
is connected to the ground by low resistance cables.
Cont..
cont.…
Lightening Arrester
Cont..

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