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Chapter 5, Economic Dispatch

The document discusses the concept of economic dispatch (ED) in power systems, focusing on minimizing fuel consumption and operating costs of generating units while meeting load demands. It details the input-output characteristics of thermal units, including factors affecting fuel consumption and operational costs. Additionally, it outlines the principles for calculating input-output parameters and the economic dispatch process while neglecting network losses.

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murtessaahmed9
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19 views26 pages

Chapter 5, Economic Dispatch

The document discusses the concept of economic dispatch (ED) in power systems, focusing on minimizing fuel consumption and operating costs of generating units while meeting load demands. It details the input-output characteristics of thermal units, including factors affecting fuel consumption and operational costs. Additionally, it outlines the principles for calculating input-output parameters and the economic dispatch process while neglecting network losses.

Uploaded by

murtessaahmed9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power System II

Chapter 5- Economic Dispatch

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INTRODUCTION

The aim of real power economic dispatch (ED) is to make the


generator ’ s fuel consumption or the operating cost of the
whole system minimal by determining the power output of
each generating unit under the constraint condition of the
system load demands. This is also called the classic economic
dispatch, in which the line security constraints are neglected
[1] . The fundamental of the economic dispatch problem is
the set of input - output characteristic of a power -
generating unit.

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INPUT-OUTPUT CHARACTERISTIC
OF GENERATOR UNITS

Input-Output Characteristic of Thermal Units


For thermal units, we call the input - output characteristic
the generating unit fuel consumption function, or
operating cost function. The unit of the generator fuel
consumption function is Btu per hour heat input to the
unit (or MBtu/h). The fuel cost rate times Btu/h is the $ per
hour ($/h) input to the unit for fuel. The output of the
generating unit will be designed by PG , the megawatt net
power output of the unit.
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In addition to the fuel consumption cost, the operating cost of a unit
includes labor cost, maintenance cost, and fuel transportation cost. It
is difficult to express these costs directly as a function of the output
of the unit, so these costs are included as a fixed portion of the
operating cost. The thermal unit system generally consists of the
boiler, the steam turbine, and the generator. The input of the boiler is
fuel, and the output is the volume of steam. The relationship of the
input and output can be expressed as a convex curve.
The input of the turbine - generator unit is the volume of steam, and
the output is the electrical power. A typical boiler - turbine -
generator unit consists of a single boiler that generates steam to
drive a single turbine - generator set. The input - output
characteristic of the whole generating unit system can be obtained by
combining directly the input - output characteristic of the boiler and
the input - output characteristic of the turbine - generator unit. It is a
convex curve, which is shown in Figure 4.1 .
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It can be observed from the input - output characteristic of the
generating unit that the power output is limited by the minimal
and maximal capacity of the generating unit, that is,

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The minimal power output is determined by technical conditions or
other factors of the boiler or turbine. Generally, the minimum load
at which a unit can operate is influenced more by the steam
generator and the regenerative cycle than by the turbine. The only
critical parameters for the turbine are shell and rotor metal
differential temperatures, exhaust hood temperature, and rotor and
shell expansion. Minimum load limitations of the boiler are gener-
ally caused by fuel combustion stability, and the values, which will
differ with different types of boiler and fuel, are about 25 – 70% of
design capacity. Minimum load limitations of the turbine - generator
unit are caused by inherent steam generator design constraints,
which are generally about 10 – 15%. The maximal power output of
the generating unit is determined by the design capacity or rate
capacity of the boiler, turbine, or generator.

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Generally, the input - output characteristic of the
generating unit is non-linear. The widely used input -
output characteristic of the generating unit is a
quadratic function,

where a , b , and c are the coefficients of the input -


output characteristic. The constant c is equivalent to
the fuel consumption of the generating unit opera-
tion without power output, which is shown in Figure
4.1 .

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Calculation of Input - Output
Characteristic Parameters
The parameters of the input - output characteristic of the
generating unit may be determined by the following approaches :
(1) Based on the experiments of the generating unit efficiency
(2) Based on the historic records of the generating unit operation
(3) Based on the design data of the generating unit provided by
manufacturer

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THERMAL SYSTEM ECONOMIC DISPATCH
NEGLECTING NETWORK LOSSES
Principle of Equal Incremental Rate
Given a system that consists of two generators connected to a
single bus serving a received electrical load PD . The input - output
characteristics of two generating units are F1 ( PG1 ) and F2 ( PG2 ),
respectively. The total fuel consumption of the system F is the sum
of the fuel consumptions of the two generating units. Assuming
there is no power output limitation for both generators, the
essential constraint on the operation of this system is that the sum
of the output powers must equal the load demand. The economic
power dispatch problem of the system, which is to minimize F
under the above - mentioned constraint, can be expressed as:

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