Operating Systems

(OS)
Prepared by: Aida Raihanah
 What is OS?
OS is a program that manages the computer
hardware or a set of programs that lies
between applications software and the
hardware
Main functions of OS

Functions of
OS

Establishes a user
Manages computer’s Support, executes and
interface such
resources/hardware provides services for
determines how user
(CPU, peripheral running applications
interacts with
devices) software on a
operating system
computer system
 “
…
?
 The OS itself is a type of system software.

 The OS is essential component of every

computer system and the first system
program that gets loaded into the memory.

 The user can operate the system only after

the OS is fully operational. 2

B
A
Views of OS

Resource
Virtual Machine Manager
operating system deals with • memory, disks, screens, printers and
hardware devices directly and interface cards, etc.
provides the user with a set of • operating system shares these
device independent, simple and resources (fairly) between different
logical set of services (resulting users or different programs that are
‘virtual machine’ is easier to running
program) • E.g.: imagine two programs trying to
print at the same time without an
operating system making sure they
don’t interfere with each other)
 System Components
1 2 3 4

Process Main Memory Command File

Management Management Interpreter Management
System

5 6 7 8

I/O Device Secondary Network Security

Management Storage Management Management
Management
Process Management
1. A process is a program in execution.
2. A process has resources (CPU time, files) and attributes
that must be managed.
3. Management in process includes:
a) Process scheduling (priority, time management, etc.).
b) Creation and termination.
c) Synchronization
d) Communication
e) Deadlock Handling
f) Debugging
Main Memory Management
1. Allocation/de-allocation for processes, files and I/O.
2. Maintenance of several process at a time.
3. Keep track of who’s using what memory.
4. Movement of process memory to/from secondary
storage.
Command Interpreter System
1. Command Interpreters: Program that accepts control
statements (shell, GUI interface, etc.).
2. Compilers/linkers.
3. Communications (ftp, telnet, etc.).
File Management
1. A file is a collection of related information defined by its
creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both
source and object forms) and data.
2. The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with file management:
a) File creation and deletion.
b) Directory creation and deletion.
c) Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
d) Mapping files onto secondary storage.
e) File backup on stable (non-volatile) storage media.
I/O Device Management
1. Buffer caching system.
2. Generate device driver code.
3. Driver for each device: translate read/write request into
disk position commands.
4. Movement of process memory to/from secondary
storage.
Secondary Storage Management
1. Disk, tape, optical disk.
2. Free space management (paging/swapping).
3. Storage allocation (what data goes where on disk).
4. Disk scheduling.
Network Management
1. Communication system between distributed processors.
2. Getting information about files/processes/etc. on a
remote machine.
3. Can use either a message passing or a shared memory
model.
Security Management
1. Of files, memory, CPU, etc.
2. Means controlling of access.
3. Depends on the attributes of the file and user.
MS-DOS

1. Stand for Microsoft Disk

Operating System.
2. Uses command-line
interface:
a) Screen provides
prompts for user
b) User types
commands
3. Largely replaced by
graphical user interfaces.
4. Not user-friendly
 GUI

1. User clicks an icon to

perform tasks.
2. Start Menu in lower left
corner launches
programs.
3. Use menus to activate
commands.
Microsoft Windows

1. Microsoft development
of the windows OS for PC
base computers and
servers can be divided
into THREE eras: MS-
DOS, MS-DOS based
windows and NT based
windows.
2. Technically each of these
systems is significantly
different than the other.
3. Each of these were
dominant during
different decades in the
history of the personal
 Versions Logo Year Specific Features

Windows 10x

Windows 11
 MAC 0S

1. Designed for the

Macintosh computer.
2. First commercially
successful GUI (has
served as the model for
Windows and other GUI
products developed
since then).
 UNIX

1. Developed in 1971.
2. Not tied to any family of
processors (runs on just
about every type of
system (PC, mainframe,
workstation) from any
manufacturer).
3. Primary operating
system in use on Internet
servers (handles many
simultaneous users
easily).
 Linux

1. Uses command-line
interface:
a) Many companies
have created a GUI
to work with Linux
2. Open-source concept:
a) Source code is free
b) Users can download,
change, and
distribute the
software
Input / Output Devices

Input/output devices allow users to interact with a computer.

The CPU executes instructions which are fetched from

memory and executed according to the fetch-decode-
execute cycle.
Input devices allow users to break this cycle and enter
instructions of their own and see partial or whole results via
output devices.
More generally, input/output devices make computers flexible
and easy to use.
BIOS

BIOS self-test
BIOS = Basic Input / initializes and
Output System identifies system
devices
the built-in software that such as CPU, RAM, video
runs a system self-test when display card, keyboard and
the computer is switched on mouse, hard disk drive,
optical disc drive (i.e.
CD/DVD) and other
hardware devices
 Bootstrapping
 the process of starting up a computer and
loading the operating system into memory.

 the entire process that begins when a

computer is turned on and ends when the
operating system is fully loaded and ready to
use.
Ways that Computers Handle I/O Devices

Interrupt Direct Memory Access (DMA)

1. Interrupt controller uses
1. Allows devices to directly access
the bus to communicate
memory independently of the CPU.
interrupts.
2. (DMA) is a capability provided by some
2. For example, when a key
computer bus architectures that allows
is pressed, an interrupt is
data to be sent directly from an attached
generated to deliver the
device (such as a disk drive) to the
key-press event to the
memory on the computer's motherboard
operating system.
3. To avoid making the CPU wait around for
data from devices since the speed of
devices is far below the speed of
processors.
Input Output
 Devices

Combination
Input Output
I/O

Keyboard Pointing Digitizing Scanner Image Capture Audio-Input Monitors Printers Audio-Output Fax machine

Voice
Optical
Traditional Joystick Tablets Digital Camera recognition Flat Panel Ink-jet Speaker Touch screens
Scanner
system

Bar Code Digital Video Portable Digital Internet

Flexible Mouse Stylus LCD Laser Headphone
Reader Camera Voice Decoder telephone

Smart Phone Multifunction

Ergonomic Touch Screen MIDI LED Thermal
Camera devices

Wireless Light Pen CRT Photo

Plotter

Portable

Dot-matrix
 +
Cmd

Ctrl

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