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Typewriter 2

The document provides a comprehensive overview of typewriters, including their definitions, significant terms, defects, and historical evolution. It details various types of typewriters, their classifications based on letter designs, and the landmarks in typewriting identification. Key concepts such as natural variations, alignment defects, and the significance of typeface in identifying typewriters are also discussed.

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17 views51 pages

Typewriter 2

The document provides a comprehensive overview of typewriters, including their definitions, significant terms, defects, and historical evolution. It details various types of typewriters, their classifications based on letter designs, and the landmarks in typewriting identification. Key concepts such as natural variations, alignment defects, and the significance of typeface in identifying typewriters are also discussed.

Uploaded by

esharicka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Typewriter

and
Typewriting Identification
Typewriter
- It is a writing machine with a keyboard for reproducing
letters, figures, symbols and other resembling ones.

• A machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or


that can produce printed letters and figures on paper;
• A machine designed to print or impress type characters on
paper, as a speedier and more legible substitute for
handwriting.
Significant Terms
• CHARACTER
- In connection with typewriting identification, the term
Character is used to include letters, symbols, numerals, or points of
punction.

NATURAL VARIATIONS
- these are normal or usual deviations found between repeated
specimens of any individuals handwriting or in the product of any
typewriters.
• ALIGNMENT/ ALIGNMENT DEFECT
- Alignment defects include characters which write
improperly in the following respects: A twisted letter, horizontal
mal- alignment, vertical mal-alignment and a character "Off it's
feet" .

• TYPE FACE
- the printing surface of the type block is known as the
type face with most modern typewriter this block is attached at
the end of a movable arm or type bar which propels the type
face against the ribbon and paper to make typewriter
impression.
• TYPE FACE DEFECTS
-any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the type
face metal is known as type face defect.
These defect may be:
• actual breaks in the outline of the metal (chipped away/ broken type )
• they may be distorted outlines of the letter where the type face metal has
become bent or smashed.

• CLOGGED (DIRTY) TYPEFACES


- with use the type faces becomes filled with lint, dirty and ink,
particularly in enclosed letters such as the o, e, p and g.
• DEFECTS
- any abnormality or maladjustment in a typewriter which is
reflected in its works and which leads to its individualization or
identification.

1. PERMANENT DEFECT
- any identifying characteristics of a type-writer which
cannot be corrected by simply cleaning the type face or
replacing the ribbon is classified as a permanent defect.

2. TRANSITORY DEFECT
- any identifying typewriter characteristics which can be
eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon is
described as a transitory defects. Clogged type is the most
common defects in this class.
• OFF ITS FEET
- the condition of the typeface printing heavier on
one side of corner than over the remainder of its outline.

• REBOUND
- a defect in which a character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the
right or left.
• CARBON IMPRESSION
- any typewriting which is place on the paper by the action of
the type faces striking thought carbon paper is classed as a carbon
impression. Generally, carbon impressions are "carbon copies".

• RIBBON IMPRESSION
- typewriting which is made directly through a cloth ribbon is
called ribbon impression.

• RIBBON CONDITION
- typewriter ribbons gradually deteriorate with use and degree of
determination is a measure of the ribbon condition.
• PLATEN
- the cylinder which serve
as the backing of the paper and
which absorbs the blow on the
type face is known as a platen.
• PROPORTIONAL SPACING TYPEWRITING
- a modern form of typewriting which resembles
printing in that all of the horizontal space as they do with the
conventional typewriter, For example the "T" occupies two
units, The "o"-three and the "m" five. A typewriter of this
design is known as a proportional spacing machine.
TWISTED LETTER
- each letter and character is designed to print a
certain fixed angle to the base line, due to wear, and
damage to the type bars and the type block, some
letters become twisted so that they lean to the right
or left of their correct slant.
Evolution
of
Typewriters
A.The first patent, however, was granted by QUEEN
ANNE of England to HENRY MILL in 1714 for a
machine designed to reproduce a letter of the
alphabet.

Patent – the granting of s property right by a sovereign


authority to an inventor.

B. In 1829, WILLIAM AUSTIN BURT of Detroit,


invented the TYPOGRAPHER.
• C. In 1833 a French patent was given to the
French inventor Xavier Progin for a machine
that embodied for the first time one of the
principles employed in modern typewriters: the
use for each letter or symbol of separate
typebars, actuated by separate lever keys.
• D. In 1843, American inventor Charles Grover Thurber
invented a typewriter which prints through a metal ring that
revolved horizontally above the platen and was equipped
with a series of vertical keys or plungers having pieces of
type at the bottom. The machine was operated by revolving
the wheel until the correct letter was centered over the
printing position on the platen, and then striking the key.
• E. Several other inventors attempted to produce
machines designed to make embossed
impressions that could be read by the blind.
One such machine, developed by the American
inventor Alfred Ely Beach in 1856, resembled
the modern typewriter in the arrangement of its
keys and typebars, but embossed its letters on a
narrow paper strip instead of a sheet.
• F. A similar machine created by the American
inventor Samuel W. Francis, and patented by
him in 1856, had a circular arrangement of
typebars, a moving paper holder, a bell that
rang to signal the end of a line, and an inked
ribbon. The keyboard arrangement of
Francis's machine resembled the black and
white keys of a piano.
• G. The development of the first practical
typewriter begun in 1866 by CHRISTOPHER
LATHAM SHOLES and was patented in 1868.
He developed the first practical typewriter in
cooperation with two fellow mechanics,
CARLOS GLIDEN and SAMUEL SOULE'.
• H. Six years later (1874), Christopher Latham Sholes
entered an agreement with ELIPHALET REMINGTON
AND SONS, GUNSMITHS & SEWING MACHINES
MANUFACTURERS, the company produced the
REMINGTON MODEL I

• I. Four years later, REMINGTON MODEL II was


introduced having both the lower and upper case of the
alphabet.
• J. MARK TWAIN (Samuel Clemens) was among the first to buy a
typewriter and the first to submit a typewritten manuscript to a
publisher.

• K. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW recognized the importance of


typewriter when he became the first playwright to use it as a stage
prop in Candida in 1897.

• L. When THOMAS EDISON visited Sholes to see his machine,


he forecasted that typewriters would one day be operated by
electricity.
• M. Soon afterwards, Edison built such a typewriter. He used
a series of magnet, which made the machine cumbersome
and too expensive to be marketed.

• N. The first practical electric typewriter was invented in


1914 by JAMES F. SMATHERS of Kansas City.

• O. In 1933, the International Business Machines,


Inc. (IBM), introduced the first commercially
successful electric typewriter to the business
world.
Types
of
Typewriters
A. Conventional Typewriters Using Type Bars
1. Pica Type - 10 CPI
- has big prints and can type 10 characters to an iich
and 85 characters on a sheet of paper.
2. Elite Type - 12 CPI
- is a type of typewriter that can type 12 characters
to an inch and 102 characters on one whole sheet of paper.
3. 6 CPI
4. Teletype Machine
5. Special typewriters - 14-16 CPI
B. Typewriter using Single Element of Ball

- a machine, capable of
typing 10 or 12 characters per
inch. Change of horizontal
spacing is done easily by the
flip of a switch.
C. Typewriter using a Print Wheel (Electronic
Typewriter)

- this has a disc type device called a print wheel. The


printwheel contains all of characters represented on the
typewriter keyboard. This machine has the capability of
typing 10,12 and 15 letters.
Classification of Typewriters Based on Letter Designs
A. The small "w" - depending on the presence or absence of a center serif,
height of central peak and design of the two central diagonals.

1. w-1 central peak is the same height as the top of the outside stroke and is
capped by serif.
2. w-2-same with w-1 but has no central serif.
3. w-3-central joining is below the top of the sides.
B. Crossbar of small letter "t" cross bar is either longer on the
right or on the left side and or equidistant on each side.

C. The small letter "g" - upper oval is either much smaller or the
same and/or different or the same in shape than the lower oval.

D. Small letter "r" right arm is either long with very small curve
at its end or a long right arm with full curve at the end and/or the
right arm is short with its curve moderate to full.

E. Small letter "y“


• F. Upper and Lower Strokes of Capital Letter "E" maybe equal or
the bottom stroke maybe longer than the upper stroke. The serif is
either vertical or oblique. H. Figure "7"-horizontal stroke is either
straight or curve.

• G. Figure "5"-horizontal stroke is either straight or slightly or fully


curved.

• H The comma","-tail may extend to the left of the dot or only very
slightly to the left of the dot.

• I. Parentheses may vary in curvature.


The Landmarks in
Typewriting Identification
1. The type faces used by the different type writer
manufacturer can be differentiated on the basis of design and
have dating significance.

2. Through usage, typewriters develop individuality which can


serve to identify the typewriting of a particular typewriter.
3. The gradual development of typewriting individuality
plus ribbon condition and typeface. Cleanliness can be
used to date a document of fix it written a period of
time.

4. Horizontal and vertical alignment, tilting characters,


lack of uniformity of impression (off- footedness); type-
face score, breadths, defects and deformities all serve to
identify the type writing of a particular machine.
5. Peculiar habits of striking the type writer keys,
spacing, arrangement, punctuation, mistakes,
corrections, can be used to identify a typist or
differentiate typists.

6. A sheet of paper cannot be reinserted in a typewriter


in exact register with previous typing done on the sheet
of paper.

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