CCE 423: Wireless and Cellular Communications

Prof. Dr. Md. Samsuzzaman

 Recommended Book
1. Mobile Communications --JOCHEN SCHILLER
(2nd)
2. Wireless Communications --Rappaport
3. WIRELESS AND CELLULAR
TELECOMMUNICATIONS -William C. Y. Lee (3rd)
4. WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS – Andrea
Goldsmith

Mobile Communications: Introductio

n
 Outline
 Course Basics
 Course Syllabus
 Wireless History
 The Wireless Vision
 Technical Challenges
 Current/Emerging Wireless Systems
 Spectrum Regulation and Standards
 Emerging Wireless Systems
 Wireless
communications
Wireless communications is a type of data
communication that is performed and
delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term
that incorporates all procedures and forms
of connecting and communicating between
two or more devices using a wireless signal
through wireless communication
technologies and devices.
 Cellular
communication

A cellular network or mobile

network is a communication
network where the last link is
wireless. The network is
distributed over land areas
called cells, each served by at
least one fixed-location
transceiver, known as a cell site
 Early history of wireless
communication

 Many people in history used light for communication

 heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...
 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

 Here electromagnetic waves are

of special importance:
 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
 J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave
equations (1864)
 H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of today’s University of Karlsruhe)
 Alexander Graham Bell’s
invention and marketing of the telephone in 1876

Mobile Communications: Introductio 1.10.1

n
History of wireless communication
I

 1895 Guglielmo Marconi

 first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
 long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
 huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
 reflection at the ionosphere
 smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the
vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
 1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
 wires parallel to the railroad track

Mobile Communications: Introductio 1.11.1

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 History of wireless communication
II
 1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV,
TV news)
 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
 1958 A-Netz in Germany
 analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile
station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000
customers
 1972 B-Netz in Germany
 analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed
network too (but location of the mobile station has to
be known)
 available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer
in D
 1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
 1982 Start of GSM-specification
 goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with
roaming 1.12.1
Mobile Communications: Introductio
 1983 Start of the nAmerican AMPS (Advanced Mobile
 History of wireless communication III

 1986 C-Netz in Germany

 analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over
possible, digital signaling, automatic location of
mobile device
 still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX, modem,
X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage
 1991 Specification of DECT
 Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital
Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex
channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice
encryption, authentication, up to several 10000
user/km2, used in more than 40 countries
 1992 Start of GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication)
 in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124
channels
 automatic location, 1.13.1
hand-over,
Mobile Communications: cellular
Introductio
n
 roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than
 History of wireless
communication IV

 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area

Network)
 ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
 recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4
(17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
 1997 - Wireless LANs
 many products with proprietary extensions out there already
 IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz, 2Mbit/s
 1998 - Specification of GSM successors
 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as the
European proposal for IMT-2000
 1998 - Specification for next generation CDMA starts
 Qualcomm starts work on wideband CDMA spec.
 1999 - Specificatipn of IEEE802.11b
 increased BW to 11Mbit/s
 2000 - Bluetooth Specification
 1Mbit/s specification,
Spring 2003
single cell
ICS 243E - Ch. 1 Introduction 1.10
 Work on 10Mbit/s spec. with multi cell capability initiated
Wireless systems: overview of the
development
cordless wireless
phones LAN

cellular phones satellites

1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450
1982:
Inmarsat-A 1984:
1983: CT1
1986: AMPS
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat-C
1991: 1991: 1989:
CDMA D-AMPS CT 2 199x:
proprietary
1991:
1992: 1992: DECT
GSM Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M 1995/96/97:
1993:
IEEE 802.11,
PDC
HIPERLAN
1994:
DCS 1800
1998:
Iridium
analog 2005?:
2005?: MBS, WATM
digital UMTS/IMT-2000
Mobile Communications: Introductio
n
 The future: ITU-R -
Recommendations for IMT-
2000
M.1078
M.687-2  security in IMT-2000
 IMT-2000 concepts and goals M.1079
M.816-1  speech/voiceband data
 framework for services performance
M.817 M.1167
  framework for satellites
IMT-2000 network architectures
M.818-1 M.1168
  framework for management
satellites in IMT-2000
M.819-2 M.1223
  evaluation of security
IMT-2000 for developing countries
mechanisms
M.1034-1
M.1224
 requirements for the radio interface(s)
vocabulary for IMT-2000
M.1035
M.1225
framework for radio interface(s) and radio sub-system functions
 evaluation of transmission
M.1036 technologies
 spectrum considerations . . .
Mobile Communications: Introductio 1.16.1
n
 Future Wireless Networks
quitous Communication Among People and Dev

Next-generation
Cellular
Wireless Internet
Access
Wireless
Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart
 Challenges
 Network/Radio Challenges
5 AdHoc

 Gbps data rates with “no” errors

 Energy efficiency
G
Short-Range

 Scarce/bifurcated spectrum
 Reliability and coverage
 Heterogeneous networks
 Seamless internetwork handoff
 Device/SoC (System on a chip
BT
) Challenges Radio

GPS
 Performance Cellular
 Complexity Cog

 Size, Power, Cost Mem WiFi

 High frequencies/mmWave
 CPU mmW
Multiple Antennas
 Multiradio Integration
 Software-Defined (SD)
Radio:
Is this the solution to the device challenges?
BT A/D
FM/XM

Cellular GPS

DVB-H
A/D
Apps DSP
Processor WLAN A/D
Media
Processor Wimax A/D

 Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of

desired signals
 DSP programmed to process desired signal: no
Today, this
specialized HW is not cost, size, or power
efficient
SubNyquist sampling may help with the A/D and DSP requirements
“Sorry America, your
airwaves are full*”
On the Horizon:
ata “The Internet of Things”
le D
i
Mob
al
i
nent
xpo wth
E ro
G

Leading
to m ass
deficit ive spec
trum

50 billion devices by 2020

Source: FCC

*CNN MoneyTech – Feb. 2012

 IoT is not (completely)
hype

Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy

 Are we at the Shannon
limit of the Physical Layer?
We are at the Shannon Limit
“The wireless industry has reached the
theoretical limit of how fast networks can
go” K. Fitcher, Connected Planet
“We’re 99% of the way” to the “barrier
known as Shannon’s limit,” D. Warren, GSM
Association Sr. Dir. of Tech.
Shannon was wrong, there is no limit
“There is no theoretical maximum to the
amount of data that can be carried by a
radio channel” M. Gass, 802.11 Wireless
Networks: The
“Effectively Definitivecapacity
unlimited” Guide possible via
personal cells (pcells). S. Perlman, Artemis.
What would Shannon say?

We don’t know the Shannon

capacity of most wireless channels
Time-varying channels.
Channels with interference or relays.
Cellular systems
Ad-hoc and sensor networks
Channels with delay/energy/$$$ constraints.

Shannon theory provides design insights

and system performance upper bounds
 Current/Emerging
Wireless Systems
 Current:
 4G Cellular Systems (LTE-Advanced)
 4G Wireless LANs/WiFi (802.11ac)
 Satellite Systems
 Bluetooth
 Zigbee
 WiGig

 Emerging
 5G Cellular and WiFi Systems
 mmWave Systems
Much room
 Ad/hoc and Cognitive Radio Networks
 Energy-Harvesting Systems For innovation
 4G/LTE Cellular
 Much higher data rates than 3G
(50-100 Mbps)
3G systems has 384 Kbps peak rates
 Greater spectral efficiency
(bits/s/Hz)
Morebandwidth, adaptive OFDM-
MIMO, reduced interference
 Flexible
use of up to 100 MHz of
spectrum
10-20
MHz spectrum allocation
common
 Future Cellular
Phones
Burden for this
Everything performance
wireless is on the backbone network
in one device
San Francisco

BS
BS

LTE backbone is the Internet

Internet
Paris
Nth- Phone Nth-
Gen System Gen
Cellul Cellul
ar ar

BS

Much better performance and reliability than today

- Gbps rates, low latency, 99% coverage indoors and out
 Rethinking “Cells” in
Advanced Topics Lecture

Cellular
How should cellular
Coop
MIMO
Small
Cell
systems be designed?
Relay

Will gains in practice be

DAS big or incremental; in
capacity or coverage?
 Traditional cellular design “interference-limited”
 MIMO/multiuser detection can remove interference
 Cooperating BSs form a MIMO array: what is a cell?
 Relays change cell shape and boundaries
 Distributed antennas move BS towards cell boundary
 Small cells create a cell within a cell
 Mobile cooperation via relays, virtual MIMO, network coding.
 Advanced Topics Lecture

Green” Cellular Networks

Pico/Femto
How should cellular
Coop
MIMO systems be redesigned
Relay
for minimum energy?

DASResearch indicates that

significant savings is possib

Minimize energy at both the mobile and

base station via
 New Infrastuctures: cell size, BS placement,
DAS, Picos, relays
 New Protocols: Cell Zooming, Coop MIMO,
RRM, Scheduling, Sleeping, Relaying
 Wifi Networks
Multimedia Everywhere, Without Wires

802.11ac

• Streaming video
• Gbps data rates
• High reliability Wireless HDTV
• Coverage inside and out
and Gaming
 Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs)
01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

 WLANs connect “local” computers

(100m range)
 Breaks data into packets
 Channel access shared (random access
+ backoff)

 Wireless LAN
Standards
 802.11b (Old – 1990s)
 Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
 Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
Many
WLAN
 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late cards
1990s) have
(a/b/g/n)
 Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)/also 2.4GHz
 OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
 Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

 802.11n/ac (Current)
 Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band
 Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40/80/160 MHz
 Antennas: 2-4, up to 8
 Speeds up to 600Mbps/10 Gbps, approx. 200 ft
range
 Why does WiFi performance reduce?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access:
if another WiFi signal
detected, random backoff

Collision Detection: if collision

detected, resend

 The WiFi standard lacks good mechanisms to mitigate

interference, especially in dense AP deployments
 Multiple access protocol (CSMA/CD) from 1970s
 Static channel assignment, power levels, and carrier
sensing thresholds
 In such deployments WiFi systems exhibit poor spectrum
reuse and significant contention among APs and clients
 Result is low throughput and a poor user experience
 Multiuser MIMO will help each AP, but not interfering
 Why not use SoN
Advanced for
Topics Lecture

WiFi?
- Channel Selection
SoN
- Power Control
Controller
- etc.

SoN-for-WiFi: dynamic self-organization network

software to manage of WiFi APs.
Allows for capacity/coverage/interference mitigation
tradeoffs.
Also provides network analytics and planning.
Why not use SON for Advanced
all Wireless
Topics Lecture
Networks:
Software-Defined Wireless Networks

Vehicle networks SoN

Server

mmWave networks
TV White Space &
Cognitive Radio
WiGig and mmWave
 WiGig
 Standard operating in 60 GHz band
 Data rates of 7-25 Gbps
 Bandwidth of around 10 GHz (unregulated)
 Range of around 10m (can be extended)
 Uses/extends 802.11 MAC Layer
 Applications include PC peripherals, HDTV
displays, monitors & projectors. Not that
successful to date.
 mmWave
 60-80GHz (or higher), massive MIMO,
better MAC
 Promises long-range communication
w/Gbps data rates
 Satellite Systems

 Cover very large areas

 Different orbit heights
 GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
 Optimized for one-way transmission
 Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV,
DVB/S) broadcasts
 Most two-way systems went bankrupt

 GlobalPositioning System (GPS)

ubiquitous

 Bluetooth
 Cable replacement RF
technology (low cost)
 Short range (10m, extendable to
100m)
 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice
channels, up to 3 Mbps

 Widely
8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98 supported by
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee
Radios
 Low-rate low-power low-cost secure
radio
 Complementary to WiFi and Bluetooth
 Frequency bands: 784, 868, 915 MHz,
2.4 GHz
 Data rates: 20Kbps, 40Kbps, 250
Kbps
 Range: 10-100m line-of-sight
 Support for large mesh networking
or star clusters
 Support for low latency devices
 Spectrum Regulation
 Spectrum a scarce public resource,
hence allocated
 Spectral
allocation in US controlled
by FCC (commercial) or OSM
(defense)
 FCC auctions spectral blocks for set
applications.
 Some spectrum set aside for universal
Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide
use in multiple cognitive radio paradigms
 Standards
 Interactingsystems require
standardization
 Companies want their systems
adopted as standard
Alternatively try for de-facto
standards
 Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in
US
IEEE standards often adopted
Process fraught with inefficiencies
Standards for current systems are summarized in Appendix D.
and conflicts
 Advanced Topics Lecture

Emerging Systems

 Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks

 Cognitive radio networks
 Wireless sensor networks
 Energy-harvesting radios
 Distributed control networks
 Applications of
Communications in Health, Bio-
medicine, and Neuroscience
 Ad-Hoc Networks

 Peer-to-peer communications
 Nobackbone infrastructure or
centralized control
 Routing can be multihop.
 Topology is dynamic.
 Fully connected with different link
SINRs
 Open questions
 Fundamental capacity region
 Cognitive Radios
CRTx CRRx
IP
NCR
NCR CR CR NCRRx
NCRTx

MIMO Cognitive Underlay Cognitive Overlay

 Cognitive radios support new users in
existing crowded spectrum without degrading
licensed users
 Utilizeadvanced communication and DSP
techniques
 Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies

 Multiple paradigms
 (MIMO) Underlay (interference below a threshold)
 Interweave finds/uses unused time/freq/space slots
 Overlay (overhears/relays primary message while
cancelling interference it causes to cognitive
 Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control
• Smart homes/buildin
• Smart structures
• Search and rescue
• Homeland security
• Event detection
• Battlefield surveillan

 Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving

constraint
 Data flows to centralized location (joint compression)
 Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes

 Energy-Harvesting Radios
• How should radios be powered?
• Batteries and traditional charging
mechanisms
• Wireless-power transfer (poorly
understood)
• By harvesting energy from the
environment
• Radios with intermittent random
energy arrivals
• New communication design principles
needed (Ozgur)
 Distributed Control over
Wireless
Automated Vehicle
- Cars
- Airplanes/UAVs
- Insect flyers

Interdisciplinary design
approach
• Control requires fast, accurate, and
reliable feedback.
• Wireless networks
: introduce
Many design delay and
challenges
loss
 Applications in Health,
Biomedicine and
Neuroscience
Neuro/Bioscience
- EKG signal
Body-Area reception/modeling
Networks - Brain information theory
- Nerve network
(re)configuration
- Implants to
monitor/generate signals
Doctor-on-a-chip - In-brain sensor networks
- SP/Comm applied to
bioscience

Wireless
Recovery from
Network Nerve Damage
 Main Points
 The wireless vision encompasses many
exciting applications
 Technical challenges transcend all system
design layers
 5G networks must support higher
performance for some users and extreme
energy efficiency for others
 Cloud-based software to dynamically control
and optimize wireless networks needed
(SDWN)
 Innovative wireless design needed for 5G
cellular/WiFi, mmWave systems, massive