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Dynamics

The document covers fundamental concepts of dynamics, including mass, weight, force, acceleration, and Newton's laws of motion. It explains how mass resists changes in motion, defines linear momentum, and describes the relationship between force and momentum. Additionally, it discusses the effects of gravitational fields on weight and the principles of free fall, along with the vector nature of forces and momentum.

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13 views65 pages

Dynamics

The document covers fundamental concepts of dynamics, including mass, weight, force, acceleration, and Newton's laws of motion. It explains how mass resists changes in motion, defines linear momentum, and describes the relationship between force and momentum. Additionally, it discusses the effects of gravitational fields on weight and the principles of free fall, along with the vector nature of forces and momentum.

Uploaded by

muabazalm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dynamics

Momentum and Newton’s laws of


motion
• Understand that mass is the property of an object that resists change in motion
• Recall F = ma and solve problems using it, understanding that acceleration and
resultant force are always in the same direction
• Define and use linear momentum as the product of mass and velocity
• Define and use force as rate of change of momentum
• State and apply each of Newton’s laws of motion
• Describe and use the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass
and recall that the weight of an object is equal to the product of its mass and the
acceleration of free fall
Materials
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO9IKNYejOc&ab_ch
annel=JamesGan
• www.savemyexams.com
What is mass?
• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an
object
• Consequently, this is the property of an object that
resists change in motion
• The greater the mass of a body, the smaller the change
produced by an applied force
• The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg)
Weight
• Weight is the effect of a gravitational field on a mass
• Since it is a force, it is measured in newtons (N) and is
a vector quantity
• The weight of a body is equal to the product of its mass and
the acceleration of free fall

• Where:
• W = weight in newtons (N)
• m= mass in kilograms (kg)
• g = acceleration of freefall in metres per second (m s-2)
• The acceleration of freefall, g, on Earth, is 9.81 m s-2
Free fall
• An object in free fall is falling solely under the
influence of gravitational attraction
• In the absence of air resistance, all bodies near the
Earth fall with the same acceleration regardless of
their mass
Mass vs weight
• An object’s mass always remains the same, however,
its weight will differ depending on the strength of the
gravitational field at different locations within the
Universe
• For example, the gravitational field strength on the
Moon is 1.63 N kg-1, meaning an object’s weight will be
about 6 times less than on Earth
Force & Acceleration
• Newton's second law of motion tells us that objects
will accelerate if there is a resultant force acting upon
them
• This acceleration will be in the same direction as
this resultant force

• Where:
• F = force in newtons (N)
• m = mass in kilograms (kg)
• a = acceleration in metres per second squared (m s-2)
Newton's three laws of motion
Newton's second law can be stated as: A resultant force acting
on a body will cause a change in the object's motion in the
direction of the force
• Newton's second law can also be stated in terms of momentum:
• The rate of change in momentum is proportional to the
magnitude of the force
• Newton's second law can also be written as:

• Where:
• F = force in newtons (N)
• m = mass in kilograms (kg)
• a = acceleration in metres per second squared (m s -2)
Resultant force
• Since force is a vector, every force on a body has
a magnitude and direction
• The resultant force is therefore the vector sum of all
the forces acting on the body
• The direction of the force is indicated as
either positive or negative
• The resultant force could also be at an angle, in which
case vector addition is used to find the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force.
• More details on vector addition can be found in
Scalars & Vectors
Acceleration
• Newton’s second law can be used to find the acceleration of an
object of a known mass
• Since acceleration is also a vector, it can be either positive or
negative depending on the direction of the resultant force
• An object will speed up (positive acceleration) if the resultant
force acts in the same direction as the direction of motion
• An object will slow down (negative acceleration) if the
resultant force acts in the opposite direction to the direction
of motion
• The acceleration will always be in the same direction as
the resultant force
Newton's three laws of motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion states that: A body will remain at rest or
move with constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force
• If the forces acting on an object are balanced, the object is said to be
in equilibrium
• There is no resultant force (the resultant force = 0)
• There is no change in the object's motion
• If the object was moving at a constant velocity, it will continue to move at that constant
velocity
• If the object was at rest, it will remain at rest
• If the forces acting on an object are not balanced:
• There is a resultant force
• There is a change in the object's motion
• The object may speed up (acceleration)
• The object may slow down (negative acceleration)
• The object may change direction (a change in velocity, hence acceleration)
Newton’s third law of Motion describes the force interaction
between two different objects: Whenever two bodies interact,
the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
• If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert a force
on body A of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction
• Therefore, forces always occur in pairs
• A Newton's third law force pair must be:
• the same type of force
• the same magnitude
• opposite in direction
• acting on different objects
Linear Momentum
• Linear momentum, p, is defined as
the product of mass and velocity

• Where:
• p = linear momentum in kilogram metres per second (kg m s-
1
)
• m = mass in kilograms (kg)
• v = velocity in metres per second (m s-1)
• Momentum is a vector quantity; it has
both magnitude and direction
• It can have a positive or negative value which describes
its direction in a one dimensional plane
• If an object travelling to the right has positive momentum, an
object travelling to the left (in the opposite direction) has a
negative momentum
Force & momentum
• Force is defined as the rate of change of
momentum

• Where:
• F = force in newtons (N)
• p = momentum in kilogram metres per second (kg m s-1)
• t = time in seconds (s)
• Δ (the Greek letter delta) = change in
• Change in momentum, Δp, can also be expressed as:
• change in momentum = final momentum − initial
momentum

• Force and momentum are vector quantities


• They can have a positive or negative direction
Direction of forces
• The force that is equal to the rate of change of
momentum is still the resultant force
• The force on an object will be negative if the direction
of the force opposes the direction of its initial
velocity
• This means that a force is exerted by the object it has
collided with
• A car collides with a wall, and the car exerts a force of
300 N on the wall
• The wall also exerts a force of −300 N on the car
• The force exerted by the wall on the car is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to the force
exerted by the car on the wall
• This is Newton’s third law of motion (see
Newton’s laws of motion)
Time of impact
• The force exerted is also determined by the time
taken for the impact to occur
• The same change in momentum, over a longer period
of time will exert less force, and vice versa

• As Δt increases, F decreases, when Δp remains the same


• As Δt decreases, F increases, when Δp remains the same

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