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Graphs - iGCSE Revision Notes

The document explains transformations of graphs, including translations, reflections, and stretches. Translations involve shifting the graph in the x or y direction, reflections involve flipping the graph across the x or y axis, and stretches involve enlarging the graph in either direction. Each transformation is described with specific function notations and includes details on how to interpret the changes.

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jillkane1999
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27 views17 pages

Graphs - iGCSE Revision Notes

The document explains transformations of graphs, including translations, reflections, and stretches. Translations involve shifting the graph in the x or y direction, reflections involve flipping the graph across the x or y axis, and stretches involve enlarging the graph in either direction. Each transformation is described with specific function notations and includes details on how to interpret the changes.

Uploaded by

jillkane1999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of

Graphs
Transformation of
Graphs
What are transformations of
graphs?
A transformation is simply a change of some sort
• Reflections (using either the x-axis or y-axis as a mirror line)
• Translations (moving the whole graph in the x and/or y direction)
• Stretches (enlarging the graph but only in the x direction or only in
the y direction)
TRANSLATIONS OF GRAPHS
• How do we translate the graph of a function?
• Given a transformation in function notation, then
• y = f(x + a) represents a translation −a units in the x axis
• a is inside the bracket
• Note the change of sign highlighted!
• y = f(x) + b represents a translation + b units in the y direction
• a is outside the bracket
• For example, y = f(x + 3) + 2 means
• a translation of y = f(x) by −3 in x the direction and +2 in
the y direction
• Note the change of sign in the x direction as pointed out above!
How do we describe translations
of graphs?
1.To describe a translation fully, you must include; the
transformation: "translation"
2.the direction in the x-axis and in the y-axis
1.this can be given as a worded description, e.g. "3 left and 2
up" / "−3 in the x-axis and +2 in the y-axis"

•Remember that
• if the a is inside the bracket, its a translation
by −a in the x-axis
• if the a is outside the bracket, its a translation
by a in the y-axis
REFLECTIONS OF GRAPHS
• How do we reflect graphs of functions?
• In relation to y = f(x);
• y = -f(x) represents a reflection in the x-axis (up/ down)
• y = f(-x) represents a reflection in the y-axis (left/ right)
How do we describe reflections
of graphs?
• To describe a reflection fully, you must include;
• the transformation: "reflection"
• the direction; in the x-axis or in the y-axis
• Exam Tip
•Remember that
• if the "−" is inside the bracket, its a reflection in
the y-axis
• if the "−" is outside the bracket, its a reflection in
the x-axis
STRETCHES OF GRAPHS
• How do we stretch graphs of functions?
In relation to y = f(x);
• y = f(ax) is a horizontal stretch/ stretch in the x-axis by a scale
factor of 1/a
• May also be referred to as a stretch in (or parallel to) the x-direction
To perform a stretch in the x-axis given by f(ax); multiply the x-
coordinate of these points by 1/a (or divide by a). Do not change the y-
coordinate!
• y = af(x) is a vertical stretch/ stretch in the y-axis by a scale factor of a
• May also be referred to as a stretch in (or parallel to) the y-direction
• To perform a stretch in the y-axis given by af(x); multiply the y-
coordinate of these points by a. Do not change the x-coordinate
How do I describe stretches of
graphs?
• Some questions give a transformed function in the
form y = f(ax) or y = af(x) and ask you to describe
the transformation
• To describe a stretch fully, you must include;
• the transformation: "stretch"
• the direction: "in the x-axis" / "in the y-axis"
• the stretch factor: "by 1/a" / "by a"
REMEMBER that;
•y = f(ax); "a" next to x, stretches in x-
axis by 1/a
•y = af(x); "a" not next to x, stretches in y-axis

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