Exception Handling
Dr.S.Amarnadh
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science And Engineering
GITAM School of Technology
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Scenario
Meera is flying to NewYork
What are these?
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Scenario Cont..
The previous slide depicts an air hostess giving a demonstration of steps
that we have to take as passengers, in case of emergency.
Why this demonstration is important?
Why the air line staff insists on wearing our seat belts?
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Scenario Cont..
• You have to be aware of how to tackle a situation in case of an
emergency while you are flying aboard an aircraft.
• You have to fasten your seat belts to protect yourself from mishaps
that can occur during take off and landing.
• This example demonstrates how you have to think in advance the
many possibilities of mishaps that can occur and what are the
preventive measures that can be taken.
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Scenario Cont..
• Similarly, when we write programs as part of an application, we may
have to visualize the challenges that can disrupt the normal flow of
execution of the code.
• Once we know what are the different situations that can disrupt the
flow of execution, we can take preventive measures to overcome
these disruptions.
• In java,this mechanism comes in the form of Exception
Handling.
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Errors in Java Program
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Compile-time errors: Examples
Class Error {
Public static void main (string args [ ]) {
system.out.print(“Can you find errors in
me?”)
}
}
class AnotherError {
public void insert( ){
System.out.print(“To insert a text”);
}
abstract void delete( ){
System.out.print(“To delete a text”);
}
}
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Some common compile-time errors
• Missing semicolons.
• Missing (or mismatch of brackets) in classes and methods.
• Misspelling of identifiers or keywords.
• Missing double quotes in strings.
• Use of undeclared variables.
• Incomplete types in assignment / initialization.
•Bad references to objects. and many more ….
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Run-time errors: Examples
class Error {
public static void main (String args [ ]) {
int a = Integer.parseInt(args[0]};
int b = Integer.parseInt(args[1]};
int c = a/b;
System.out.println(“Value of c =“ + c);
}
}
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Some common run-time errors
•A user has entered invalid data.
•Dividing an integer by zero.
•Accessing an element that is out of the bounds of an array.
•Trying to store a value into an array of an incomplete class or type.
•Trying to cast an instance of a class to one of its subclasses.
•Trying to illegally change the state of a thread.
•Attempting use a negative size for an array.
•Null object reference.
•A file that needs to be opened cannot be found.
•A network connection has been lost in the middle of communicat
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Errors and exceptions in Java
Whenever an Error or Exception occurs, Java Run-Time Environment throws an
object corresponding to that.
Examples:
Java Run-Time Environment throws an object called IllegalArumentType
when a method m(int x, int y) is called as m(1.5, 4);
Java Run-Time Environment throws an object called ArithmeticException
when a = x/(b – c); and b = c;
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Exception Types
ClassNotFoundException
ArithmeticException
IOException
Exception NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Many more classes
Object Throwable IllegalArgumentException
Many more classes
LinkageError
Error VirtualMachineError
Many more classes
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System Errors
ClassNotFoundException
ArithmeticException
IOException
Exception NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Many more classes
Object Throwable IllegalArgumentException
Many more classes
System errors are thrown by JVM LinkageError
and represented in the Error class.
The Error class describes internal
Error VirtualMachineError
system errors. Such errors rarely
occur. If one does, there is little
you can do beyond notifying the Many more classes
user and trying to terminate the
program gracefully.
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Exceptions
Exception describes errors caused
ClassNotFoundException
by your program and external
circumstances. These errors can ArithmeticException
be caught and handled by your IOException
program. Exception NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Many more classes
Object Throwable IllegalArgumentException
Many more classes
LinkageError
Error VirtualMachineError
Many more classes
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Runtime ExceptionsRuntime Exception is caused by
programming errors, such as bad
casting, accessing an out-of-
ClassNotFoundException bounds array, and numeric errors
ArithmeticException
IOException
Exception NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Many more classes
Object Throwable IllegalArgumentException
Many more classes
LinkageError
Error VirtualMachineError
Many more classes
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Checked Exceptions vs. Unchecked Exceptions
RuntimeException, Error and their subclasses are known as unchecked exceptions.
All other exceptions are known as checked exceptions, meaning that the compiler
forces the programmer to check and deal with the exceptions
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Unchecked Exceptions
ClassNotFoundException
ArithmeticException
IOException
Exception NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Many more classes
Object Throwable IllegalArgumentException
Many more classes
LinkageError
Error VirtualMachineError
Many more classes
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Runtime Exception sub classes
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Exception sub classes
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Error classes
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Exception handling in Java
• Java provides Run Time Error Management to deal with errors and exceptions.
• During the execution of a program, when an exceptional condition arises, an
object of the respective exception classes is created and thrown in with
method which caused the exception.
• That method may choose to catch the exception and then can guard against
premature exit or may have a block of code to execute.
• Java exception handling is managed via five keywords:
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Exception handling in Java
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Catching Exceptions
main method { method1 { method2 { An exception
... ... ... is thrown in
try { try { try { method3
... ... ...
invoke method1; invoke method2; invoke method3;
statement1; statement3; statement5;
} } }
catch (Exception1 ex1) { catch (Exception2 ex2) { catch (Exception3 ex3) {
Process ex1; Process ex2; Process ex3;
} } }
statement2; statement4; statement6;
} } }
Call Stack
method3
method2 method2
method1 method1 method1
main method main method main method main method
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Exception handling in Java
Simple try- try with Multiple exceptions Exception with Throwing own Nested try-catch
catch multiple catch exit code exception block
Multiple Throws/
try with try-catch throw in try- try within
try with a exception with finally another try
multiple block
single catch with one
catch
catch
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Simple try-catch
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Simple try-catch: Example
class DivideZero {
static int anyFunction ( int x, int y )
{
int a = x/y;
return (a);
}
Public static void main (String args [] )
{
int result = anyFunction (25, 0) ;// Exception occurs here
as y = 0
System.out.println ( “ Result : ” + result );
}
}
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class DivideZero {
Simple try-catch: Example
static int anyFunction (int x, int y )
{
try {
int a = x/y;
return(a);
}
catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println ( “a = x/y is bypassed… Enter y as non- zero” );
}
}
public static void main (String args[ ] {
int a,b, result;
system.out.print(“Enter any two integers : “);
a = System.in.read( );
b = System.in.read( );
result = any Function (a, b);
System.out.println ( “Result : ” + result);
}
} 27
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try-catch: Making program robust
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try with Multiple catch:
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try with Multiple catch:
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Multiple errors with single catch
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finally in try-catch
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finally in try-catch
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throw in try-catch
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throw in try-catch: Example
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throws in try-catch
type method-name(parameter-list) throws exception-list
{
// body of method
}
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throws in try-catch
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Nested try-catch
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Declaring your own exception
All exceptions must be a child of Throwable.
• If you want to write a checked exception that is automatically enforced by the
Handle or
Declare Rule, you need to extend the Exception class.
• If you want to write a runtime exception, you need to extend the
RuntimeException class
Syntax
class MyException extends Exception
{
...
}
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Declaring your own exception
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Thank You
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