UNIT-2

OVERVIEW OF IEEE 802.22

STANDARD
 OVERVIEW OF IEEE 802.22 STANDARD

• It provide broadband access to data networks

using vacant TV channels in the VHF and UHF
bands in the range of frequencies between 54
MHz and 862 MHz.
• While avoiding interference to the broadcast
incumbents on these bands.
• A typical application will be the coverage of
the rural area around a village
TYPICAL APPLICATION OF 802.22 WRAN
• within a radius of 17–30 km, depending on the
effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the
base station.
• By adaptive modulation, the MAC could
accommodate user terminals located as far as
100 km when exceptional radio frequency (RF)
signal propagation conditions prevail.
• the capacity at the user terminal is expected
to be of 1.5 Mb/s in the downstream and 384
kb/s in the upstream.
APPLICATIONS:
• wireless broadband access in rural and remote
areas with performance comparable to those
of existing fixed broadband–access
technologies (e.g., DSL and cable modems)
serving urban and suburban areas
Reference Architecture
• The 802.22 system specifies a fixed point-to-
multipoint (PMP) wireless air interface.
• A base station (BS) manages its own cell and all
associated consumer premise equipment (CPEs).
• The BS (a professionally installed entity) controls
the medium access in its cell.
• BS transmits in the downstream direction to the
various CPEs, which respond back to the BS in
the upstream direction.
• The 802.22 system follows a strict
masters/slave relationship, wherein the BS
performs the role of the master and the CPEs
are the slaves.
• No CPE is allowed to transmit before receiving
proper authorization from a BS, which also
controls all the RF characteristics (e.g.,
modulation, coding, and frequencies of
operation) used by the CPEs.
• 802.22 BS manages a unique feature of
distributed sensing.
• This is needed to ensure proper incumbent
protection and is managed by the BS, which
instructs the various CPEs to perform
distributed measurement activities.
 IEEE 802.22 PHYSICAL LAYER
• The 802.22 PHY layer is specifically designed
to support a system that uses vacant TV
channels to provide wireless communication
access over distances of up to 100 km.
• The PHY specification is based on orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
for both upstream (US) and downstream (DS)
access
IEEE 802.22 System parameters
Physical modes data rates
• In 802.22, the allocation of resources in the
OFDMA frame can be made in terms of
subchannels and symbols.
• A subchannel is defined as a set of 28
contiguous OFDM subcarriers (24 data and 4
pilot), and there are 60 subchannels per
symbol.
• The first symbol is the superframe preamble,
followed by a frame preamble symbol.
• The third symbol is the superframe control
header (SCH).
• the fourth symbol contains the frame control
header (FCH) and,when needed, the DS-MAP,
US-MAP, DCD, and UCD.
• Due to the presence of the SCH in the first frame
of the super frame, the first frame payload
contains two fewer symbols than the remaining
15 frames to keep the frame length to 10 ms.
• The other 15 frames of the superframe
contain a frame preamble, the FCH, the DS-
MAP, US-MAP, DCD, UCD messages, and the
data bursts.
• In each frame, a transmit-receive turnaround
(TTG) gap is inserted between the DS and US
to allowthe CPE to switch between the receive
mode and transmit mode
• A receive-transmit turnaround (RTG) gap is
inserted at the end of each frame to allow the
BS to switch between its receiving mode and
transmit mode.
• The values of the TTG and RTG change based
on the cyclic prefix and channel bandwidth
under consideration.
 Preamble Definition
• Two types of frequency domain sequences are
defined to facilitate burst detection,
synchronization, and channel estimation at a
802.22 receiver are:
• 1. Short training sequence (STS).
• This sequence is formed by inserting a
nonzero binary value on every fourth
subcarrier.
• In the time domain, this results in four repetitions
of a 512-sample sequence in each OFDM symbol.
2.Long training sequence (LTS).
• This sequence is formed by inserting a nonzero
binary value on every second subcarrier.
• In the time domain, this results in two repetitions
of a 1024-sample sequence in each OFDM
symbol.
• The STS is used to form the superframe and
CBP preambles, while the LTS is used to form
the frame preamble.
• The sequences use binary (+1,−1) values in the
frequency domain and are generated in an
algorithmic way from m sequences to ensure a
low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
• The super frame preamble is used by the receiver
for frequency and time synchronization.
• The super frame preamble is one OFDM symbol in
duration and consists of four repetitions of the STS
in the time domain preceded by a cyclic prefix.
• The frame preamble is one OFDM symbol in
duration and consists of two repetitions of the LTS
in the time domain preceded by a cyclic prefix.
• The CBP preamble is one OFDM symbol in
duration and consists of five repetitions of the
STS in the time domain.
• The CBP preamble is designed as to have low
cross-correlation with the superframe
preamble to differentiate it from the
superframe preamble.
 Control Header and MAP Definition
• In this subsection we define the structure of
the two control headers (SCH and FCH) and
the MAPs (DS-MAP, US-MAP, DCD, and UCD).
• The SCH is transmitted using the PHY mode 1
and TCP=1/4 TFFT.
• It is transmitted over all data subcarriers,
encoded by a rate-1/2 convolutional coder,
and after interleaving, is mapped using QPSK
constellation resulting in 336 QPSK symbols.
• To improve the robustness and make better
utilization of the available subcarriers,
spreading by a factor of 4 is applied to the
output of the mapper, resulting in a maximum
length of 42 bytes.
• The FCH is transmitted as part of the DS
protocol data unit (PDU) in the DS subframe
and uses the basic data rate mode
• The length of FCH is 4 bytes and it carries among
other things, the length (in bytes) information for
the DS-MAP if it exists or the length of the US-MAP.
• The FCH is sent in the first two subchannels of the
symbol immediately following the preamble
symbol.
• To increase the robustness of the FCH, the encoded
and mapped FCH data may be retransmitted, which
is indicated through the SCH.
• The receiver can combine corresponding
symbols from the two or three OFDM slots
and decode the FCH data to determine the
lengths of the following fields in the frame.
 CBP Packet Format
• The first symbol of the CBP packet is the preamble
followed by the CBP data payload 1
and an optional data payload 2.
• The length field in the first symbol enables a receiver to
determine the presence or absence of the second data
symbol.
• The CBP data symbols consist of the data and the pilot
subcarriers.
• From the 1680 used subcarriers, 426 subcarriers are
designated as pilot subcarriers and the remaining 1254
subcarriers are designated as data subcarriers.
CBP packet format and data encoding
• The CBP payload is divided in to blocks of 418
bits before encoding and mapping.
• Each block of 418 bits is first encoded using a
rate-1/2 convolutional code.
• The encoded bits are then mapped using QPSK
constellation, which results in 418 symbols.
• Each of these QPSK symbols is transmitted on
three subcarriers to provide additional
frequency diversity.
• A simple receiver can combine the pilot symbols
with the preamble symbols and perform
interpolation to derive channel estimates.
• These channel estimates can then be used to
equalize the CBP data symbols.
• The receiver can also use maximal ratio
combining to despread the data symbols and
perform the decoding using a Viterbi algorithm.
Channel Coding and Modulation Schemes

• Channel coding includes data scrambling,

convolutional coding or advanced coding,
puncturing, bit interleaving, and constellation
mapping.
• The frame payload data are first processed by the
data scrambler using a pseudorandom binary
sequence generator with the generator polynomial
1 + X14 + X15.
• The preamble and the control header fields of the
frame are not scrambled.
• Duo-binary convolutional turbo code, lowdensity
parity check (LDPC) codes, and shortened block
turbo codes (SBTCs) are optional advanced coding
schemes
TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL
 IEEE 802.22 MEDIUM-ACCESS CONTROL
LAYER
Key features IEEE 802.22 supports:
Protection, self-coexistence among WRANs,
and quality of service (QoS).
• It operates on borrowed features from 802.16
MAC is controlled in base station.
TDM-Down stream
DAMA- Up stream
Superframe and Frame Structures
Super frame Structures
• Itconsists of 16 frames with a fixed duration of
10 ms each.
• The BS starts the first frame within the
superframe with the superframe preamble
followed by the frame preamble and the
superframe control header.
• The superframe preamble is used for
time synchronization
• Frame preamble is used for channel
estimation, allowing robust decoding of the
SCH and following messages.
• SCH carries BS MAC address along with the
schedule of quiet periods for sensing, as well
as other information about the cell.
• The SCH is transmitted at a very robust rate to
avoid interference.
• After the SCH, the BS transmits the frame
control header (FCH), which is followed by the
messages within the first frame.
• The remaining 15 frames within the super-
frame start with the frame preamble followed
by the FCH and subsequent data messages.
• The frame is divided into DS and US subframes
and the self-coexistence window (SCW), which
can be scheduled by the BS at the end of the
frame.
• The first downstream burst after the FCH is
used to transmit the DS/US MAPs, the DS/US
channel descriptor messages (DCD and UCD),
and other MAC broadcast messages.
• The DS/US MAPs are broadcast messages that
specify the resource allocation in the DS and US
subframes.
• The DCD and UCD are usually transmitted by the
BS at periodic intervals to define the characteristics
of the DS and US physical channels.
• the BS can allocate resources for contentionbased
access before the data bursts, which can be used
for ranging, bandwidth (BW) request, and urgent
coexistence situation (UCS) notification
• The UCS window is another new feature in the 802.22
MAC, which can be used by CPEs to transmit an
indication that an incumbent has been detected on the
channel.
• The SCW is used for execution of the coexistence
beacon protocol (CBP).
• The SCW and CBP packets are new cognitive radio
features that allow for over-the-air coordination
among neighboring 802.22 cells to facilitate incumbent
protection and spectrum sharing mechanisms.
 Incumbent Detection and Notification
Support
1. Network quiet periods.
• To avoid interference with spectrum sensing,
which has to meet very low incumbent
detection thresholds (IDTs).
• the BS can schedule network wide quiet
periods (QPs),during which all transmissions
are suspended, and hence sensing can be
performed more reliably
• Without QPs for sensing, the WRAN may face
a high false alarm rate, especially in areas
where multiple WRANs coverage areas
overlap.
• Two types are intraframe and interframe QPs.
• Intraframe QPs, as the name suggests, are
short-duration QPs (less than a frame) and are
useful for regular sensing of in-band channels
without affecting the QoS for WRAN users
• the BS can also schedule longer interframe
QPs across multiple frames, in case more time
is needed for sensing.
• Interframe QPs should be used on an
on-demand basis, since it affects the QoS of
the users.
• The BS can schedule QPs by using the QP
scheduling fields in the SCH or it can use
 a specific management message, called
channel quiet request (CHQ-REQ), to stop
traffic at anytime within its cell.
2. Channel measurement management.
• In case an incumbent is detected by the BS,
the BS can take the appropriate action to
avoid interference, but when a CPE detects an
incumbent, it has to report it to the BS.
• the MAC layer includes channel measurement
request and report messages, which allow the BS
to take full control of the incumbent detection
and notification process within its cell.
• The BS can also use management frames to
request CPEs to perform other type of
measurements, such as detection of other WRAN
and other performance-related measurements.
 Multichannel Operation
• The regulatory rules require the secondary users to
vacate the channel within the channel move time
(CMT) once a primary user is detected.
• Specifies maintain connectivity for 802.22 users
with QoS support in an incumbent detection
situation.
• The 802.22 group tackled this issue using the
concept of backup channels.
• During normal operation, the BS proactively
maintains a list of backup channels.
• IF an incumbent is detected on in-band
channels, the BS is responsible for triggering a
switch to a backup channel within the CMT,
which should occur seamlessly to maintain
QoS guarantees for the 802.22 users.
• the backup channel must also be clear of
incumbents in order to be used right away
 Synchronization
• Sync is needed not only for communication purposes
between BS and CPEs but also for incumbent protection.
• The BS and CPEs in a cell must be synchronized to
ensure no transmissions occur during the QP for
sensing.
• neighboring WRANs sharing the same channel (N) or
operating on first and second adjacent channels (N −2,N
−1,N +1,N +2) must synchronize their QPs to avoid
interference with incumbent sensing and reduce the
false alarms rate.
• first adjacent channels (N,N + 1 and N − 1),
synchronization of QPs up to second adjacent
channels (N + 2 and N − 2) is needed to avoid
interference when sensing the first adjacent
channels.
• All the 802.22 BSs are required to be equipped
with a satellite-based positioning system (e.g.,
GPS), which is used to derive the timing
information for the superframes.
 Self-Coexistence
1. Neighboring network discovery and
coordination.
2. Coexistence beacon protocol.
3.Resource sharing mechanisms.
Spectrum manager
• The data and management planes are separated
from the cognitive plane, which was introduced to
support the new features for spectrum sensing and
management and geolocation capabilities.
• security features are included as sublayers in the
three planes (data, management, and cognitive).
• These sublayers provide functions to verify
spectrum and service availability, as well as various
forms of device, data, and signal authentication;
authorization
1. Maintain up-to-date spectrum availability
information.
2. Classify, set priorities, and select channels for
operation and backup.
3. Maintain association control.
4. Trigger frequency agility-related actions (i.e.,
channel switch).
5. Manage mechanisms for self-coexistence
(interference-free scheduling, renting/offering, and
spectrum contention).
 Spectrum Sensing Function
• IEEE 802.22 CPE have standard called “black
box” that performs spectrum sensing.
• The standard specifies inputs and outputs for
the SSF, as well as the performance
requirements for the sensing algorithm
implemented.
(e.g., probability of detection, incumbent
detection threshold, and probability of false
alarm).
• The specific sensing algorithm is
implementation dependent, although the
standard does include, for informative
purposes, description and performance results
of several sensing algorithms