Bundled Conductor

Inductance of
Transmission Line
The inductance of the transmission line tells how much
energy is stored in the magnetic field when the signal or
electric power travels along that line and the current is
known
Inductance
Single Phase Three Phase
GMD – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Single Phase
Dm or GMD (Mutual Geometric Mean Distance)

GMD = D12
GMD – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Single Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
A single phase, two wire transmission line, 15km long is made up
of round conductors, each 0.8cm in diameter, separated from each
other by 40cm. What is the GMD of the configuration?

Ans: 40cm
GMD – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Single Circuit

GMD = dABdBCdAC
GMD – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
A single circuit, three phase, 60Hz transmission line consist of
three conductors arranged in triangular configuration with legs 5m, 5m
and 8m. What is the GMD?

Ans: 5.848m
GMD – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
Calculate the GMD of a Three Phase circuit with two bundle
conductors arranged horizontally with 30cm spacing between the
bundle conductor and 5m spacing between adjacent phases.

Ans: 6.3m
GMD – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
GMD = dAB(dBC)(dAC)
=
=m

Ans: 6.3m
 GMR – Self
Geometric Mean
Radius
Geometrical Mean Radius GMR is basically the Geometric
Mean of distances between the strands of a conductor. It is
the fictitious radius of a conductor having no internal flux
linkage but only external flux linkage. r = radius of a conductor
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Single Conductor Bundle of Two Conductor
GMR = self GMR GMR = self GMR
= 0.7788r or Given = (self GMR)(dAB)
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(SOLID)
Bundle of Three Conductor Bundle of Four Conductor
GMR = (self GMR)(dAB)2 GMR = 1.09 (self GMR)(dAB)3

Note: Self GMR, maybe given directly. If not use 0.7788r

 GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(STRANDED)
GMR of Stranded Conductors
Let “n” be the number of Strand:
Formula:
GMR =

note:
the n2 index must be equal to the sum of all exponent inside
 GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(STRANDED)
GMR of Stranded Conductors
Let “n” be the number of Strand:

Formula:
GMR = 0.7788r
 GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(STRANDED)
GMR of Stranded Conductors
Let “n” be the number of Strand:
Strand of Two

Formula:
GMR =
GMR = 1.2480r
 GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(STRANDED)
for 3 Strand Conductor
Let “n” be the number of Strand:
GMR =
Formula:
GMR = 1.4605r
 GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(STRANDED)
for 3 Strand Conductor
Let “n” be the number of Strand:
GMR =
Formula:
GMR = 1.7037r
 GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
(STRANDED)
for 4 Strand Conductor
Let “n” be the number of Strand:
GMR =
Formula:
GMR = 1.6922r
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
A single circuit, three phase, 60Hz, transmission line consist of
three conductors (one per line) arranged in triangular shape. The
diameter of each conductor is 0.635cm. What is the GMR? phases.

Ans: 0.002473m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:

GMR = 0.7788(r)
= 0.7788[(0.635cm/2) x (1m/100cm)]
= 0.002473
Ans: 0.002473m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Double Circuit
Sample Problem:
Calculate the equivalent GMR in meters of the bundle for a three
- phase circuit with two bundle conductors arranged horizontally with
30cm spacing between the bundled conductors and 5m spacing
between the adjacent phases. The diameter of conductor is 5cm

Ans: 0.07643m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Double Circuit
Sample Problem:

Ans: 0.07643m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Double Circuit
Sample Problem:

GMR = (self GMR )(dBC)

= (0.7788)(5cm/2)(30cm)
= 7.6426cm x (1m/100cm)
= 0.07643m
Ans: 0.07643m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Triple Circuit (Bundle of Three)
Sample Problem:
Calculate the Equivalent GMR in centimeters of the bundle for a
three - phase circuit with three – bundled conductors with 45cm
spacing between the bundled conductors and 5m spacing between
adjacent phases. The diameter of each conductor is 0.175in.

Ans: 7.0507cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Triple Circuit (Bundle of Three)
Sample Problem:

Ans: 7.0507cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Triple Circuit (Bundle of Three)
Sample Problem:

GMR = (self GMR )(dBC )2

= (0.7788)(0.175in/2)(2.54cm/1in)(45cm)2
= 7.0507cm

Ans: 7.0507cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Quadruple Circuit (Bundle of Four)
Sample Problem:
Calculate the Equivalent GMR in centimeters of the bundle for a
three - phase circuit with four – bundled conductors with 45cm spacing
between the bundled conductors and 5m spacing between adjacent
phases. The diameter of each conductor is 1.382in. and GMR(each) is
0.5592in.

Ans: 20.67cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Quadruple Circuit (Bundle of Four)
Sample Problem:

Ans: 20.67cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Quadruple Circuit (Bundle of Four)
Sample Problem:

GMR = 1.09 (self GMR )(dBC )3

= 1.09 (0.5592in)(2.54cm/1in)(45cm)3
= 20.67cm

Ans: 20.67cm
 Inductance of
Transmission Line
(Sample Problems)
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
What is the inductance in H/m of two parallel conductors of a
single - phase system if each has a diameter of 1cm and the conductors
are 5cm apart?

Ans: 1.02x10-6 H/m

Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
GMD = distance bet. 2 lines/conductor
= 5cm
GMR = self GMR
= (0.7788)(1cm/2)

Ans: 1.02x10-6 H/m

Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
L = 4 x 10-7 ln[(GMD)/(GMR)] (H/m)
= 4 x 10-7 ln[(5cm)/(0.7788)(1/2)cm]
= 1.02 x 10-6 H/m

Ans: 1.02x10-6 H/m

Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
A single phase, two wire transmission line, 15km long, is made
up of round conductors, each 0.8cm in diameter, separated from each
other by 40cm. Calculate the inductance of the transmission line.

Ans: 29.13mH
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
GMD = distance bet. 2 lines/conductor
= 40cm
GMR = self GMR
= (0.7788)(0.8/2)cm

Ans: 29.13mH
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
L = 4 x 10-7 ln[(GMD)/(GMR)] (H/m)
= 4 x 10-7 ln[(40cm)/(0.7788)(0.8/2)cm] (H/m)(15km)(1000m/1km)
= 29.13mH

Ans: 29.13mH
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
A single – circuit, 60Hz transmission line consist of three
conductors arranged in triangle with legs of 5m, 5m, 8m. The diameter
of conductor is 0.635cm. Find the inductance and reactance of the line
per kilometer.

Ans: L = 1.554mH/km
XL = 0.586 ohm/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
GMD = (5)(5)(8)
= 5.848m
GMR = self GMR
= (0.7788)(0.635/2)cm(1m/100)cm
= 2.473 x 10-3m

Ans: L = 1.554mH/km
XL = 0.586 ohm/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
L = 4 x 10-7 ln[(GMD)/(GMR)] (H/m)
= 4 x 10-7 ln[5.848m/2.473 x 10-3m] (H/m)(1000m/1km)
= 1.554mH
XL = 2fL
= 2(60)(1.554mH)
= 0.586 /km

Ans: L = 1.554mH/km
XL = 0.586 ohm/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Three Phase – Bundle of Two
Sample Problem:
A three - phase transmission line consists of two bundled
conductor with 30cm spacing in the bundle and 5m spacing between
adjacent phases. What is the inductance per km of the Transmission
Line? The diameter of each conductor is 5cm.

Ans: L = 0.882mH/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
GMD = (5)(5)(8)
= 5.848m
GMR = self GMR
= (0.7788)(0.635/2)cm(1m/100)cm
= 2.473 x 10-3m

Ans: L = 0.882mH/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
L = 4 x 10-7 ln[(GMD)/(GMR)] (H/m)
= 4 x 10-7 ln[5.848m/2.473 x 10-3m] (H/m)(1000m/1km)
= 1.554mH
XL = 2fL
= 2(60)(1.554mH)
= 0.586 /km

Ans: L = 0.882mH/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
A single circuit three phase transmission line is composed of three
ACSR conductor per phase with horizontal configuration. The Conductors
are spaced in the bundle and the spacing between adjacent phases is
14m find the inductance and reactance per km at 60Hz. The radius of
each sub conductor in the bundle is 1.725cm

Ans: L = 0.968mH/km, XL = 0.365ohm/km

Inductance of Transmission Line
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:

Ans: L = 0.968mH/km, XL = 0.365ohm/km

Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
GMD = (14)(14)(28)
= 17.6389m
GMR = (self GMR)(dAB)C
= (0.7788)(0.1.725)cm(1m/100)cm(0.45m)2
= 0.1396m

Ans: L = 0.968mH/km, XL = 0.365ohm/km

Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase
Sample Problem:
L = 2 x 10-7 ln[(GMD)/(GMR)] (H/m)
= 2 x 10-7 ln[17.6389/0.1396] (H/m)(1000m/1km)
= 0.9678mH/km
XL = 2fL
= 2(60)(0.9678mH)
= 0.365 /km

Ans: L = 0.968mH/km, XL = 0.365ohm/km

Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase – Bundle of Four
Sample Problem:
a single circuit three phase transmission line is composed of four
ACSR conductor per phase with horizontal configuration. The conductors
are spaced 50cm in the bundle and the spacing between the adjacent
phases is 14m find the inductance per km. the radius of each conductor
in the bundle is 1.725.

Ans: L = 0.876mH/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase – Bundle of Four
Sample Problem:

Ans: L = 0.876mH/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase – Bundle of Four
Sample Problem:
GMD = (14)(14)(28)
= 17.6389m
GMR = 1.09 (self GMR )(dBC )3
= 1.09 (0.7788)(0.1.725)cm(50cm)3
= 22.0652cm(1m/100cm)
= 0.2207m
Ans: L = 0.876mH/km
Inductance of Transmission Line
Single Phase – Bundle of Four
Sample Problem:
L = 2 x 10-7 ln[(GMD)/(GMR)] (H/m)
= 2 x 10-7 ln[17.6389/0.2207] (H/m)(1000m/1km)
= 0.8762mH/km

Ans: L = 0.876mH/km
 Capacitance of
Transmission Line
The capacitance of a line gives rise to the leading current between the
conductors. It depends on the length of the conductor.
∴ As length increases, the transmission line capacitance also increases
Capacitance (to Neural Line) of
Transmission Line
Capacitance
0 = Permittivity of Free Space
= 8.85 x 10-12 (Farad/meter)
GMD = Mutual Geometric Mean Distance
rb = GMR
GMR - Capacitance
rb of Bundled Conductor for Capacitance
Single Conductor Two - Bundled Conductor

rb = Radius rb = (radius each)(Db)

GMR - Capacitance
rb of Bundled Conductor for Capacitance
Three – Bundled Conductor

rb =(radius each)(Db) 2]
GMR - Capacitance
rb of Bundled Conductor for Capacitance
Four – Bundled Conductor

rb = 1.09 (radius each)(Db)3]

GMR – Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
A single circuit, three phase, 60Hz, transmission line consist of
three conductors (one per line) arranged in triangular shape. The
diameter of each conductor is 0.635cm. What is the Radius in meter.

Ans: 0.003175m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:

rb = radius
= 0.635/2 cm x (1m/100cm)
= 0.003175

Ans: 0.003175m
GMR – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Double Circuit (Bundle of Two)
Sample Problem:
Calculate the equivalent radius in meters of the bundle for a
three - phase circuit with two bundle conductors arranged horizontally
with 30cm spacing between the bundled conductors and 5m spacing
between the adjacent phases. The diameter of conductor is 5cm

Ans: 0.0866m
GMR – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Double Circuit (Bundle of Two)
Sample Problem:

Ans: 0.0866m
GMR – Mutual Geometric Mean
Distance
Three Phase – Double Circuit (Bundle of Two)
Sample Problem:
rb =(radius each)(Db) 2]
= 8.66cm
= 0.0866m

Ans: 0.0866m
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Triple Circuit (Bundle of Three)
Sample Problem:
Calculate the Equivalent radius in centimeters of the bundle for a
three - phase circuit with three – bundled conductors with 45cm
spacing between the bundled conductors and 5m spacing between
adjacent phases. The diameter of each conductor is 0.175in.

Ans: 7.6634cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Triple Circuit (Bundle of Three)
Sample Problem:

Ans: 7.6634cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Triple Circuit (Bundle of Three)
Sample Problem:

GMR = (self GMR )(dBC )2

= (0.175in/2)(2.54cm/1in)(45cm)2
= 7.6634cm

Ans: 7.6634cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Quadruple Circuit (Bundle of Four)
Sample Problem:
Calculate the Equivalent Radius in meters of the bundle for a
three - phase circuit with four – bundled conductors with 45cm spacing
between the bundled conductors and 5m spacing between adjacent
phases. The diameter of each conductor is 1.382in. and GMR(each) is
0.5592in.

Ans: 21.8cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Quadruple Circuit (Bundle of Four)
Sample Problem:

Ans: 21.8cm
GMR – Self Geometric Mean Radius
Three Phase – Quadruple Circuit (Bundle of Four)
Sample Problem:
rb = 1.09 (radius each)(Db)3]
= 1.09 (1.382in/2)(2.54cm/1in(45cm)3]
= 21.798cm

Ans: 21.8cm
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
For a three phase, 50Hz, 132kV overhead transmission line, each
phase is arranged horizontally with 4.56m distance from adjacent
phases. The radius of the conductor is 1.12cm. If the line length is
100km, calculate the capacitance of the line.

Ans: C = 0.892uF
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
Three Phase – Single Conductor

Ans: C = 0.892uF
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
Three Phase – Single Conductor
GMD = dAB(dBC)(dAC)
= 4.56(4.56)(9.12)
= 5.745m
rb = radius
= 1.12cm(1m/100cm)
Ans: C = 0.892uF
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Circuit
Sample Problem:
Three Phase – Single Conductor
Cn = [F/m]
= (8.85 x 10-12)/[ln (5.745m)/(1.12m)][F/m](100 x 103)
=0.892 x 10-6 or 0.892uF
Ans: C = 0.892uF
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Double Circuit.
Sample Problem:
Find out the capacitance per km of the line when the arrangement
of the conductor is horizontal with 5m spacing between adjacent phases
and each phase has 2 – bundled conductors spaced 0.4m between
conductors in the bundle. The radius of each conductor is 0.75cm.

Ans: C = 0.0117uF/km
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Conductor.
Sample Problem:
Three Phase – Single Conductor

rb = (radius each)(Db)
Ans: C = 0.0117uF/km
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Conductor.
Sample Problem:
Three Phase – Single Conductor
GMD = dAB(dBC)(dAC)
= 5(5)(10)
= 6.2996m
rb = (radius each)(Db)
= 0.75cm(1m/100cm)(0.4m)
= 0.05477m
Ans: C = 0.0117uF/km
Capacitance of Transmission
Line
Three Phase – Single Conductor.
Sample Problem:
Three Phase – Single Conductor
Cn = [F/m]
= (8.85 x 10-12)/[ln (6.2996)/(0.05477)][F/m](1000m/1km)
= 0.0117uF
Ans: C = 0.0117uF/km
 Short Transmission
Line
A short transmission line, typically under 80 km (50 miles) in
length and operating at voltages below 20 kV, is characterized
by negligible capacitance effects, making resistance and
inductance the primary factors in its performance.
a. Line Impedance
A 60Hz short transmission line, having r = 0.62ohms per phase
and L = 93.24millihenrys per phase, supplies a three, wye connected
100MW load of 0.9lagging power factor at 215kV line to line
Calculate:
a. line impedance
b. line current
c. sending end voltage

Ans: a. 0.62 + j35.15, b. 298.37Amps, c. 223kV

Sample Problem:
Z per phase
Zline = R + jXL
XL = fL
= -3)
= 35.15ohms

Ans: a. 0.62 + j35.15, b. 298.37Amps, c. 223kV

Sample Problem:
I per phase
P = VLILpf
I = P/(VL)- cos-1(pf)
=6/(215 x 103)- cos-1(0.9)
= 298.37- 25.84⁰Amps

Ans: a. 0.62 + j35.15, b. 298.37Amps, c. 223kV

Sample Problem:
Sending End Voltage
per Phase Diagram
Load
P = 100MW
pf = 0.9 lagging
VR/Phase = 215kV/

Ans: a. 0.62 + j35.15, b. 298.37Amps, c. 223kV

Sample Problem:
Sending End Voltage
per Phase Diagram
Using KVL:
VSending/Phase = VRecieving/Phase + IZLine/Phase
= (215kV/) + (298.37- 25.84⁰Amps)(0.62 + j35.15)
= 223.8kV

Ans: a. 0.62 + j35.15, b. 298.37Amps, c. 223kV

End of Presentation