Chapter 1

Introduction

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Down Approach
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR 7th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2016
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Pearson/Addison Wesley
April 2016
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
 get “feel” and  what’s the Internet?
terminology  what’s a protocol?
 network edge; hosts, access
 more depth,
net, physical media
detail later in  network core: packet/circuit
course switching, Internet structure
 approach:  performance: loss, delay,
• use Internet throughput
 protocol layers, service
as example models
 history

Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 history

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “nuts and
bolts” view
PC  billions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
wireless
• hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop • running network apps
smartphone
home
 communication network
regional ISP
wireless
links
links • fiber, copper,
wired
links radio, satellite
• transmission
rate: bandwidth
 packet switches:
router
forward packets institutional
(chunks of data) network
• routers and
switches Introduction 1-4
“Fun” Internet-connected
devices
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
Slingbox: watch, monitor energy use
control cable TV remotely

sensorized,
bed
mattress
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones

Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: “nuts and
bolts” view
mobile network
 Internet: “network of
networks”
global ISP
• Interconnected ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
 protocols control sending, home
receiving of messages network
regional ISP
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
802.11
 Internet standards
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force

institutional
network

Introductio 1-6
n
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
 infrastructure that
provides services to global ISP
applications:
• Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, social nets, … home
network
 provides programming regional ISP
interface to apps
• hooks that allow sending
and receiving app
programs to “connect” to
Internet
• provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network

Introductio 1-7
n
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather
 “I have a question” than humans
 introductions  all communication
activity in Internet
governed by
… specific messages protocols
sent
… specific actions protocols define format,
taken when
messages received, order of messages
or other events sent and received
among network
entities, and actions
taken on message
Introduction 1-8
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human
protocols? Introduction 1-9
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 history

Introduction 1-10
A closer look at network
structure:
 network edge: mobile network
• hosts: clients and servers
• End Systems
• servers often in data centers global ISP

home
network
 access networks, regional ISP

physical media:
wired, wireless
communication
 links
network core:
• interconnected
routers institutional
network
• network of
networks
Introduction 1-11
Access networks and physical
media
Q: How to connect
end systems to
edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school,
company)
 mobile access
networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-12
Access network: digital subscriber
line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically <
1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically
Introduction 1-13
 Access network: cable
network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem
Shared Broadband
Medium

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

equency division multiplexing: different channels transmitte

different frequency bands
Introduction 1-14
Access network: cable
network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream
transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP
router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction 1-15
 Access network: home
network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)

Introduction 1-16
Enterprise access networks
(Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc.

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet
switch

Introduction 1-17
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects end system to
router
• via base station aka “access point”
wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access
 within building (100 ft.)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, operator, 10’s km
54, 450 Mbps  between 1 and 10 Mbps
transmission rate  3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-18
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
transmits packet into
access network at
transmission rate R 2 1
• link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate
aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction 1-19
Physical media
 bit: propagates between twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs  two insulated copper
 physical link: what lies wires, arranged in a
between transmitter & regular spiral
receiver pattern.
Two Categories: • Category 5: 100 Mbps,
a) Guided Media 1 Gbps Ethernet
b) Unguided Media • Category 6: 10Gbps
 guided media: • Least Expensive
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber,
coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction 1-20
Physical media: coax, fiber
fiber optic cable:
coaxial cable:  glass fiber carrying
 two concentric copper light pulses, each pulse
conductors a bit
 Bidirectional  Very costly
 Higher data  Immune to
transmission rate electromagnetic
 broadband: interference
• multiple channels on  high-speed operation:
cable • high-speed point-to-point
• HFC transmission (e.g., 10’s-
100’s Gbps transmission
rate)
 low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far
apart
• immune to Introduction 1-21
electromagnetic noise
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic  terrestrial microwave
spectrum • e.g. up to 45 Mbps
 no physical “wire” channels
 bidirectional  LAN (e.g., WiFi)
 propagation • 54 Mbps
environment effects:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• reflection • 4G cellular: ~ 10 Mbps
• obstruction by  satellite
objects • Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
• interference • 270 msec end-end delay
• geosynchronous versus low
altitude

Introduction 1-22
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 history

Introduction 1-23
The network core
 mesh of
interconnected routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
• forward packets from
one router to the next,
across links on path
from source to
destination
• each packet transmitted
at full link capacity

Introduction 1-24
Packet-switching: store-and-
forward
L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 takes L/R seconds to one-hop numerical

transmit (push out) L- example:
bit packet into link at R  L = 7.5 Mbits
bps  R = 1.5 Mbps
 store and forward:
 one-hop transmission
entire packet must delay = 5 sec
arrive at router before
 it
end-end
can be delay = 2L/R
transmitted
(assuming
on next linkzero more on delay shortly …
propagation delay) Introduction 1-25
Packet Switching: queueing delay,
loss
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

 if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds
transmission rate of link for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on
link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory
(buffer) fills up
Introduction 1-26
Two key network-core
functions
routing: determines
source-destination route forwarding: move
taken by packets packets from router’s
 routing algorithms input to appropriate
router output
routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
11
01

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction 1-27
Alternative core: circuit
switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call”
between source & dest:
 in diagram, each link has four
circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top
link and 1st circuit in right
link.
 dedicated resources: no
sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not
used by call (no sharing)
 commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-28
Circuit switching: FDM versus
TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-29
Packet switching versus circuit
switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!

example:
 1 Mb/s link
 each user: N

…..
users
• 100 kb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link

 circuit-switching:
• 10 users
 packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004
• with 35 users,
probability > 10 active Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
at same time is less
than .0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: h ttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
Introduction 1-30
Packet switching versus circuit
switching
is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
 great for bursty data
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and
loss
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
• bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video
apps
• still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit
switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-
switching)? Introduction 1-31
Internet structure: network of
networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs
(Internet Service Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each
other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and
national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe
current Internet structure

Introduction 1-32
Internet structure: network of
networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to
connect them together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-33
Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other
access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

…

…
to each other directly doesn’t

…
access access
…

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-34
Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global
transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic
agreement.access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-35
Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors ….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-36
Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors …. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access
access
…
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-37
Internet structure: network of
networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect
access nets to ISPs

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-38
Internet structure: network of
networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google,
Microsoft, Akamai) may run their own network, to
bring services, content close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-39
Internet structure: network of
networks
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks

• “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT),
national & international coverage
• content provider network (e.g., Google): private network
that connects it data centers to Internet, often bypassing
Introduction 1-40
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone

peering
… … …
…

to/from customers

Introduction 1-41
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 history

Introduction 1-42
How do loss and delay
occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds
output link capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-43
Four sources of packet
delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing
 check bit errors delay
 determine output link  time waiting at
 typically < msec output link for
transmission
 depends on Introduction 1-44
Four sources of packet
delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dtrans: transmission dprop: propagation delay:
delay:  d: length of physical link
 L: packet length (bits)  s: propagation speed
dtrans and
 R: link bandwidth dprop
(bps) (~2x108 m/sec)
 dtrans = L/R very different  dprop = d/s
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: h ttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay Introduction 1-45
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

 cars “propagate” at  time to “push” entire

100 km/hr caravan through toll
 toll booth takes 12 sec booth onto highway
to service car (bit = 12*10 = 120 sec
transmission time)  time for last car to
 car ~ bit; caravan ~ propagate from 1st
to 2nd toll both:
packet 100km/(100km/hr)=
 Q: How long until 1 hr
caravan is lined up  A: 62 minutes
before 2nd toll booth?
Introduction 1-46
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

 suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

 and suppose toll booth now takes one min to
service a car
 Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars
serviced at first booth?
• A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second
booth; three cars still at first booth

Introduction 1-47
Queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
 R: link bandwidth

delay
(bps)
 L: packet length (bits)
 a: average packet
arrival rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
 La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
 La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large
 La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay
infinite!
La/R -> 1
* Check online interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction 1-48
“Real” Internet delays and
routes
 what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
 traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-
end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender times interval between transmission and
reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-49
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Introduction 1-50
 Packet loss
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer
has finite capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka
lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by
previous node, by source end system, or
not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-51
 Throughput
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

server, with
server sends link capacity
pipe that can carry link capacity
pipe that can carry
file ofbits
F bits fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec fluid at rate
Rc bits/sec
to(fluid)
send into
to client
pipe Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-52
Throughput (more)
 Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end

throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck
link onlink
end-end path that constrains end-end
throughput
Introduction 1-53
Throughput: Internet
scenario
 per-connection
end-end Rs
throughput: Rs Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
 in practice: Rc or
R
Rs is often
bottleneck Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more
examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/ Introduction 1-54
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 history

Introduction 1-55
Protocol “layers”
Networks are
complex,
with many “piece
s”: Question:
 hosts is there any hope of
organizing structure of
 routers network?
 links of various
media …. or at least our
 applications discussion of networks?
 protocols
 hardware,
software
Introduction 1-56
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 a series of steps

Introduction 1-57
Layering of airline
functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer
below
Introduction 1-58
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
• change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect
rest of system
 layering considered harmful?

Introduction 1-59
Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting
network applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-process
data transfer transport
• TCP, UDP
 network: routing of datagrams network
from source to destination
• IP, routing protocols link
 link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
 physical: bits “on the wire”

Introduction 1-60
ISO/OSI reference
model
 presentation: allow
applications to interpret application
meaning of data, e.g.,
encryption, compression, presentation
machine-specific
conventions session
 session: synchronization, transport
checkpointing, recovery of
network
data exchange
 Internet stack “missing” link
these layers! physical
• these services, if needed, must
be implemented in application
• needed?

Introduction 1-61
 source Encapsulatio
message
segment Ht
M
M
application
transport
n
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-62
Application Layer
 It enables the user to access the network.
 Application layer is concerned with the
following:
1.Network virtual terminal
2.File transfer, access and management
3.Mail services
4.Directory services

Introduction 1-63
Presentation Layer
 It is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged
between two systems.
 Session layer is concerned with the
following:
1.Translation
2.Encryption
3.Compression

Introduction 1-64
Session Layer
 It is network dialog controller. It
establishes, maintains and synchronizes
the interaction between communicating
system.
 Session layer is concerned with the
following:
1.Dialog control
2.synchronization

Introduction 1-65
Transport Layer
 It is responsible for the source-to-
destination delivery of the entire packet
 Transport layer is concerned with the
following:
1.Service-point addressing
2.Segmentation and reassembly
3.Connection control
4.Flow control
5.Error control

Introduction 1-66
Network Layer
 It is responsible for the source-to-
destination delivery of a packet possibly
across multiple networks (links).
 Network layer is concerned with the
following:
1.Logical addressing
2.Routing

Introduction 1-67
Data Link Layer
 It makes the physical layer appear error
free to the upper layer.
 Data link layer is concerned with the
following:
1.Framing
2.Physical addressing
3.Flow control
4.Error control
5.Access control

Introduction 1-68
Physical Layer
 It coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over physical medium.
 Physical layer is concerned with the following:
1.Physical characteristics of interfaces and
media
2.Representation of bits
3.Data rate
4.Synchronization of bits
5.Physical topology
6.Transmission mode
7.Line Configuration

Introduction 1-69
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 history

Introduction 1-70
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching
principles
 1961: Kleinrock -  1972:
queueing theory • ARPAnet public demo
shows effectiveness • NCP (Network Control
of packet-switching Protocol) first host-host
 1964: Baran - protocol
packet-switching in • first e-mail program
military nets
 1967: ARPAnet • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by
Advanced Research
Projects Agency
 1969: first ARPAnet
node operational

Introduction 1-71
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary
nets
 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
 1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking
architecture for principles:
interconnecting networks • minimalism, autonomy -
 1976: Ethernet at Xerox no internal changes
PARC required to interconnect
 late70’s: proprietary networks
• best effort service model
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA • stateless routers
 late 70’s: switching fixed • decentralized control
length packets (ATM define today’s Internet
precursor) architecture
 1979: ARPAnet has 200
nodes
Introduction 1-72
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of
networks
 1983: deployment of  new national
TCP/IP networks: CSnet,
 1982: smtp e-mail BITnet, NSFnet,
protocol defined Minitel
 1983: DNS defined  100,000 hosts
for name-to-IP- connected to
address translation confederation of
 1985: ftp protocol networks
defined
 1988: TCP congestion
control

Introduction 1-73
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web,
new apps
 early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned  more killer apps:
 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on
instant messaging,
commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995)
P2P file sharing
 early 1990s: Web  network security to
• hypertext [Bush 1945, forefront
Nelson 1960’s]  est. 50 million host,
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 100 million+ users
• 1994: Mosaic, later  backbone links
Netscape running at Gbps
• late 1990’s:
commercialization of the
Web

Introduction 1-74
Internet history
2005-present
 ~5B devices attached to Internet (2016)
• smartphones and tablets
 aggressive deployment of broadband access
 increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
 emergence of online social networks:
• Facebook: ~ one billion users
 service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their
own networks
• bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous”
access to search, video content, email, etc.
 e-commerce, universities, enterprises running
their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)

Introduction 1-75
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of you now have:
material!  context, overview,
 Internet overview “feel” of networking
 what’s a protocol?  more depth, detail
 network edge, core, to follow!
access network
• packet-switching
versus circuit-
switching
• Internet structure
 performance: loss,
delay, throughput
 layering, service models
 security
 history Introduction 1-76
Chapter 1
Additional
Slides

Introduction 1-77
 application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet
Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) frames
sent/receive Physical
d

Introduction 1-78