MATHEMATIC

S
IN THE
MODERN
WORLD
MIDTER
M
GE 4 (MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
WORLD)
PRELIM
MIDTERM
100% = 40% PRELIM + 60%
MIDTERM
FINALS = 40% MIDTERM + 60%
FINALS
COLLEGE
GRADING: 2.00 = 86 3.00 = 75
1.00 = 98
TO 100
1.25 = 95 TO 88= 83
2.25 TO
INC76
=
TO 97= 92
1.50 TO 85
2.50 = 80 INCOMPLETE
5.00 =
TO 94= 89
1.75 TO 82= 77
2.75 FAILED
TO 91 TO 79 2
GE 4 (MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD)

LESSONS:
LESSON 3: VARIABLES AND
SETS
LESSON 4: FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
LESSON 5: INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
LESSON 6: POLYA’S FOUR-STEP
STRATEGY
MIDTERM 3
3
LESSON 3
VARIABLES AND SETS
 VARIABLE

“ ItSis a quantity that

changed according
mathematical problem.
may be
to the
The
generic letters which are used in
many algebraic expressions and
equations are x, y, z. In other
words, a variable is a symbol for
a number where the value is not
known. For example, x + 5 =
10.
5
RULES IN MATHEMATICAL
EQUATION
Grammar and syntax in mathematics also has international
rules.
▸ Formulas are read from left to right.
▸ Latin alphabet is used for parameters and
variables.
▸ Greek alphabet is also used to represent specific
concepts.
▸ Symbols that represent a numerical value that can
change. It is usually a letter that can take on any
value depending on the function it is used in.
6
 LATIN ALPHABET

GREEK ALPHABET

7
EXAMPLE: x + 5 = 10
Two types of variables
according to functional
relationship:
1. Independent
Variable
-“Studying”
called the or “sleeping”
predictor is the
variable
independent variable

2. Dependent Variable
- called the criterion variable
“test score” is the dependent
variable
9
Two types of variables
according to continuity
of values:
1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
- variables that can be expressed in
decimals.
Ex. Height, weight.
2. DISCRETE / DISCONTINUOUS
VARIABLES
- variables that can’t be expressed in decimals.
Ex. Number of students and number of houses 10
Three common uses of a variables:
1. TO STATE - a general principle
Ex. For all real numbers, and y, x + y = y + x
2. TO REPRESENT - a sequence of operations
Ex. The mathematical expression 5x + 2 represents the sequence
of operations. Take a number multiply by 5, then add 2.
3. To represent something that is currently UNKNOWN, but that
we would like to know
a. Solve for x: 2x + 3 = 9
b. To solve for x that makes the statement true. Here, the solution
is x = 3 since
11
12
 SETS

“
Are simply a collection of
distinct objects forming a group.
A set can have any group of
items, be it a collection of
numbers, days of a week, types
of vehicles, and so on. Every
item in the set is called an
element of the set. Curly
brackets are used while writing
a set.
13
▸ The elements of a set are written in
any order and are not repeated.
▸ The set is denoted by capital letters
and the elements are denoted by
small letters.
▸ Universal contains all the existing
elements.
▸ All the sets are subsets of a
universal set and are usually
denoted by “U”
▸ Order of set describes the number
14
15
Fundamental Types
of Set
1. Empty Set
▸ without an element. Also called a null set.
Denoted by Ø or in roster form, {}. An
empty set is a finite set, since the number
of elements in an empty set is finite, that
is, 0.
▸ Example:
The set of whole number less than zero 16
Fundamental Types
of Set
2. Finite Set
▸ with definite number of elements.
▸ Example:
Set of colors in the rainbow
Set of Alphabets

17
Fundamental Types
of Set
3. Infinite Set
▸ with indeterminate number of elements.
▸ Example:
Set of all points in a plane
Set of all prime numbers.

18
Fundamental Types
of Set
4. Proper Subset of a Set
▸ a set which is a part of a larger set.
▸ Example:

A is a proper subset
of B
19
Fundamental Types
of Set
5. Improper Subset of a Set
▸ a set which is not a part of a larger set.
▸ Example:

20
Fundamental Types
of Set
6. Disjoint Sets
▸ two or more sets with no common
elements
▸ Example:

21
Fundamental Types
of Set
7. Joint Sets
▸ two or more sets with at least one
common element.
▸ Example:

22
Fundamental Types
of Set
8. Equivalent Sets
▸ two or more sets with the same number of
elements
▸ Example:
{1,2,3} and {w, x, y} are equivalent set
since both have the same number of
elements
23
Four Basic Operations
on Set:of Sets
1. Union
- containing the combined elements of the
given sets
Example:
A = {1,3,5,7,9}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
AUB =
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
24
Four Basic Operations
on Set:
2. Intersection of Sets
- containing the common elements of the given
sets. It is denoted by the symbol “∩”
Example:
A = {1,2,3,5,7,11}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
A∩B =
{2} 25
Four Basic Operations
on Set:
3. Difference of Sets
- its elements resulted when the elements
common to the two sets are subtracted from
the minuend set. Example:
A = {1,2,3, 5,7,11} A-B = {1,3,
B = {2,4,6,8,10} 5,7,11}
B-A =
{4,6,8,10}
26
Four Basic Operations
on Set:
4. Complement Set
- its elements are found in the universal set
but not found in any of the subsets of the
universal set. Example:
A = {odd numbers less than 15} =
{1,3,5,7,9,11,13}
B = {prime numbers less than 15} =
{2,3,5,7,11,13} 27
Four Basic Operations
on
4. Set:
Complement Set
Example:
U={numbers less than 15} =
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14}
A = {odd numbers less than 15} =
{1,3,5,7,9,11,13}
U’ = {4,6,8,10,12,14}
B = {prime numbers less than 15} =
{2,3,5,7,11,13} 28
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the intersection of the sets

29
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the intersection of the sets

30
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the union of the sets

31
ASSIGNEMENT
#1: 4-5. Find the intersection
1. Find the intersection of and union of the sets
the sets A= {3, 4, 5, 7,}
C= {3, 4, 6, 7, 10} B= {2, 4, 5, 8}
D= {3, 6, 8, 9} Express the intersection
2. Find the intersection of using Venn diagram.
the sets
R= {3, 4, 7, 10} A B
S= Ø
3. Find the union of the
sets
32
Any
Question
s?
33