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Chapter 2 Database Language

The document provides an overview of database concepts, focusing on DBMS architecture, schema, and database languages. It explains different architectures such as 1-tier, 2-tier, and 3-tier, and defines key terms like schema and instance. Additionally, it covers Data Definition Language (DDL) and its various commands for managing database structures, including creating, altering, and dropping tables.

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lutfullah
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2 views

Chapter 2 Database Language

The document provides an overview of database concepts, focusing on DBMS architecture, schema, and database languages. It explains different architectures such as 1-tier, 2-tier, and 3-tier, and defines key terms like schema and instance. Additionally, it covers Data Definition Language (DDL) and its various commands for managing database structures, including creating, altering, and dropping tables.

Uploaded by

lutfullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faculty Of Computer Science

Database Concept

Lecturer: Lutfullah Haqnesar


Chapter Two

Database Language
Agenda
 DBMS Architecture

 Schema and Instance

 Database Language

 Data Definition Language


DBMS Architecture

• DBMS architecture describe that how users are connected to the


database to get their request done.
• The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a workstation
which are connected via the network.
• Database architecture can be of types like: 1-tier architecture, 2-tier
architecture and 3-tier architecture.
DBMS Architecture
DBMS Architecture

1-Tier Architecture:
• In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It
means the user can directly connected to the DBMS and uses it.
• Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself.
• It doesn't provide a handy tool for end users.
• The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local application,
where programmers can directly communicate with the database.
DBMS Architecture
2-Tier Architecture
• The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server.
• In the two-tier architecture, applications on the client end can directly
communicate with the database at the server side.
• The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-side.
• The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities like: query
processing and transaction management.
2-tier Architecture
DBMS Architecture

3-Tier Architecture
• The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and
server.
• In this architecture, client can't directly communicate with the server.
• The application on the client-end interacts with an application server
which further communicates with the database system.
• The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of large web application.
3-tier architecture
Schema and Instance

Instance

• The data which is stored in the database at a particular moment of


time is called an instance of the database.
Schema and Instance
Schema
• The overall design of a database is called schema.
• A database schema is the skeleton structure of the database.
• A schema contains schema objects like table, foreign key, primary key,
views, columns, data types, stored procedure, etc.
• A database schema can be represented by using the visual diagram. That
diagram shows the database objects and relationship with each other.
Schema and Instance

• A schema diagram can display only


some aspects of a schema like the
name of record, data type, and
constraints.
• Other aspects can't be specified
through the schema diagram.
• For example, the given figure neither
show the data type of each data item
nor the relationship among various
files.
Database Language

• A DBMS has appropriate languages and interfaces to express


database queries and updates.

• Database languages can be used to read, store, delete and update the
data in the database.
Types of Database Language
Data Definition Language (DDL)

• DDL stands for Data Definition Language.


• It is used to define structure of a database. Using the DDL statements,
you can create the skeleton of the database.
• It is used to create schema, tables, constraints, etc. in the database.
Data Definition Language (DDL)

Here are some tasks that come under DDL:


1. Create: It is used to create objects in the database.
2. Alter: It is used to alter the structure of the database.
3. Drop: It is used to delete objects from the database.
4. Truncate: It is used to remove all records from a table.
5. Rename: It is used to rename an object.
6. Comment: It is used to comment on the query.
How to install MySQL?

• To install MySQL, we will suggest you to install AMP (Apache, MySQL,


PHP) software stack. It is available for all operating systems.
• XAMPP (Cross, Apache, MySQL, PHP, Perl) for Cross Platform.
How to install MySQL?

• Click on the below link provided to download the XAMPP server according
to your window requirement.
https://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/
• After downloading double click and install XAMPP on your system
Create Database

Syntax:
Create Database database_name;

Example:
create database Rana;
Display Database

• Show databases;

• drop database database_name;


Creating Table

• CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in the database.


• To create a table, you have to name that table and define its columns and
datatype for each column.
Creating Table

Syntax:
• CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_definition1, column_definition2,
..., table_constraints );
Example:
• CREATE TABLE employee_table (id int, name varchar(45), occupation
varchar(35), age int, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
Displaying Table

• show TABLES;

• DESCRIBE employee_table;
Alter Table

2. ALTER TABLE Statement


In Oracle, ALTER statement specifies how to add, modify, delete columns in
a table. It is also used to rename a table.
Alter Table

1 How to add column in a table


ALTER table table_name ADD column_name column-definition;
Example:
alter table emp add age number(5);
2 How to modify column of a table
ALTER table table_name MODIFY column_name column_type;
• Example:
alter table emp1 modify name varchar2(40);
Alter Table

3 How to drop column of a table


ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
Example:
alter table emp1 drop column age;
4 How to rename column of a table
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN old_name to new_name;
Example:
alter table emp1 rename column name to emp_name;
Alter Table

5 How to rename table


ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;
Example:
alter table emp1 rename to emp;
Data Definition Language (DDL)

3. Oracle DROP TABLE Statement


• Oracle DROP TABLE statement is used to remove or delete a table.
Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example:
drop table emp;
Data Definition Language (DDL)

4. TRUNCATE TABLE statement


• the truncate statement is used to remove all the records of a table. It
works same as the delete statement but without using where clause.
Syntax:
Truncate table table_name;
Example:
truncate table emp;
Data Definition Language (DDL)

5. SQL Comment:

comments can be placed in queries. Comments can be a single line as well


as multi-line.

Example:

rename emp to /* this is a comment */ emp12;


END OF CHAPTER

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