Project Seminar on

Text Processing and Classification Using Natural

Language Processing
in partial fulfillment of
VII Semester Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)
in
Electronics Engineering

PROJECT PHASE- I (ENP 455)

Prutha Golar-02
Mitali Meshram-06
Ishan Sahare-43
Guided by
Deepali Kotambkar
Department of Electronics Engineering
Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management,
Ramdeo Tekadi, Gittikhadan, Katol Road, Nagpur 440013, India.
Session 2021-22
1
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Motivation
4. Objective
5. Methodology
6. Working principle
7. Software/ Hardware Implementation
8. Discussion on Results
9. Conclusion
10. Future Scope
11. References

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 INTRODUCTION
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that
focuses on the interaction between computers and human languages. It enables
machines to read, understand, and derive meaning from human language.

• Text processing and classification are essential tasks in NLP that involve
transforming raw text into a structured format and categorizing it
based on its content.

• NLP is widely used in various industries such as healthcare, finance, e-commerce,

and customer service for tasks like chatbots, recommendation systems, and
information retrieval.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
• Paper1: The paper discusses text classification challenges for Indian languages
using algorithms like Naive Bayes, SVM, ANN, and N-gram models. It outlines the
process of data collection, pre-processing (tokenization, stop word removal,
stemming), feature extraction, selection, and classification, followed by
performance evaluation with metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores.
The study shows these algorithms' effectiveness across languages like Urdu,
Bangla, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Punjabi, and Assamese, calling for further research
to enhance classification.
• Paper 2: The paper reviews the role of text mining (TM) and natural language
processing (NLP) in construction management, focusing on managing unstructured
data like emails, contracts, and drawings. TM and NLP improve automation and
information retrieval, reducing inefficiencies in manual processes throughout
project lifecycles. Based on a review of 205 publications, the study identifies
applications, challenges, and gaps, recommending the integration of pre-trained
models, large language models, and enhanced data integration. It highlights areas
for future research to expand TM and NLP applications in the construction
industry.
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 LITERATURE REVIEW
• Paper 3: Natural Language Processing (NLP) has progressed significantly with the
use of deep learning techniques such as recurrent neural networks, transformers,
and attention mechanisms. These advancements have improved tasks like text
comprehension, emotion detection, and information extraction. Despite these
improvements, challenges like bias reduction and ethical issues persist, requiring
attention as NLP continues to evolve, ultimately aiming to improve human-
machine interactions and understanding of human language.

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 MOTIVATION
• Efficient Data Handling: Automates the organization and categorization of
vast amounts of unstructured text data, saving time and resources.

• Improved Decision Making: Helps extract valuable insights from textual

data, supporting data-driven decisions across various industries.

• Enhanced User Experience: Powers applications like chatbots,

recommendation systems, and personalized content, improving user
interactions.

• Accuracy and Speed: Advanced NLP algorithms like SVM, Naive Bayes, and
Neural Networks provide high accuracy and speed in text classification
tasks.

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 MOTIVATION
• Scalability: Scalable solutions for handling growing data volumes, making
it suitable for real-time applications such as sentiment analysis and spam
detection.

• Versatile Applications: Widely used in domains such as healthcare,

finance, customer service, and more, demonstrating its broad utility.

• Future-Ready: Continues to evolve with advancements in AI, making it an

essential tool for future technological developments.

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 OBJECTIVE
• The objective of this presentation is to provide a comprehensive overview
of text processing and classification using Natural Language Processing
(NLP). It aims to demonstrate how NLP techniques transform and
categorize unstructured text data, highlighting key methods such as
tokenization, feature extraction, and classification algorithms like Naive
Bayes, SVM, and Neural Networks. The presentation will explore the
practical applications of these techniques in various industries, showcasing
their impact on enhancing data management, decision-making, and user
experience, while also addressing the benefits and challenges associated
with implementing NLP solutions.

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 METHODOLOGY
1. Literature Review:
The document briefly references prior work related to Natural Language
Processing (NLP) and text classification. It mentions key papers such as
Nadkarni et al. (2011) which introduces NLP in the context of medical
informatics, and Kaur & Saini (2015) which studies NLP algorithms for Indian
languages. It also includes Goudjil et al. (2018), which discusses active
learning methods using Support Vector Machines (SVM) for text classification​

2. Identification of Objective:
The primary objective of this project is to develop a system for processing and
classifying textual data using advanced NLP techniques. The project aims to
automate the organization and analysis of large amounts of text, improving
accuracy and efficiency compared to traditional methods​

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3. Procurement of Required Components:
The project relies on open-source software tools and publicly available
datasets, meaning there are no direct costs associated with procurement. The
necessary components include:
•Programming Language: Python
•Libraries and Tools: NLTK, spaCy, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow/PyTorch
•Datasets: Publicly available datasets like 20 Newsgroups or IMDb Reviews

4. Assembly and Interfacing:

The project outlines the creation of an NLP pipeline with several stages:
1.Text Collection: Gathering data.
2.Text Preprocessing: Using tokenization, stemming, and lemmatization to
prepare the text.
3.Feature Extraction: Converting text into numerical features for machine
learning.
4.Text Classification: Training and testing models (Naive Bayes, SVM, or deep
learning models like BERT and LSTM).
5.Result Analysis: Evaluating model performance​
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5. Performance Analysis:
The performance of the system will be evaluated by testing the accuracy of
different machine learning models. Models such as Naive Bayes, SVM, LSTM,
and BERT are considered, and the system's performance will be analyzed in
terms of accuracy and efficiency​

6. Result and Conclusion:

The system is expected to provide an accurate and efficient method for
automating text processing and classification. By leveraging deep learning
models like BERT, the system should handle large datasets effectively, ensuring
high accuracy in text classification

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE
1. Data Loading and Exploration:
- The dataset (`bbc-text.csv`) is loaded, and basic information like data types and value
counts for each category are displayed.
- A pie chart visualizes the distribution of the different text categories (e.g., sport,
politics, tech).

2. Text Preprocessing:
- Lowercasing and Cleaning: The text is converted to lowercase, and unnecessary
characters (e.g., newlines, carriage returns) are removed.
- Non-Alphabetical Character Removal: Non-alphabetical characters and non-ASCII
characters are stripped from the text to standardize the input.
- Removing Links: Hyperlinks are removed from the text to ensure only meaningful
words remain.

3. Tokenization and Stopwords Removal:

- Tokenization: The text is tokenized using a regular expression tokenizer, splitting it into
individual words.
- Stopword Removal: Common stopwords (e.g., "the", "is") are removed, except for a
customized list of stopwords (e.g., "my", "can", "do") which are retained to preserve
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4. Filtering Short Words:
- Words with fewer than two characters are removed to focus on more meaningful
terms. The filtered text is then joined into a final cleaned string for each document.

5. Lemmatization:
- Words are lemmatized (converted to their base form) using `textblob`, which helps to
standardize different forms of the same word (e.g., "running" becomes "run").

6. Text Length Analysis and Visualization:

- The length of each text document (in terms of word count) is computed and
visualized using a histogram. A statistical summary (mean, median, etc.) of the text
length is also displayed alongside the distribution.

7. Category Distribution:
- A bar plot is generated using `seaborn` to visualize the distribution of the different
text categories (e.g., sports, politics, entertainment).

8. Word Frequency Analysis:

- The most common words in the entire dataset, as well as in individual categories
(sports, business, tech, etc.), are calculated using Python's `Counter` and visualized using
horizontal bar plots created with `plotly.express`.

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9. Word Cloud Generation:
- Word clouds are generated for the entire text corpus and for each category (e.g.,
sports, business). These clouds visually highlight the most frequent words in the
dataset, where the size of each word is proportional to its frequency.

10. Model Preparation (using TensorFlow/Keras):

- Tokenization: The processed text is tokenized into sequences of numbers that
represent each word in the vocabulary.
- Padding: Sequences are padded to ensure uniform length before feeding into a deep
learning model.

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 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
1. Libraries and Tools:
- Pandas: For reading and handling the dataset (`bbc-text.csv`), and performing data
manipulations such as grouping and applying transformations on the text.
- Numpy: For numerical operations and array handling.
- Matplotlib & Seaborn: For visualizing data distributions, such as histograms, bar
charts, and pie charts.
- NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit): Used for text preprocessing tasks like tokenization,
stopword removal, and stemming/lemmatization.

2. Data Loading and Preprocessing

3. Exploratory Data Analysis

4. Text Feature Extraction

5. Word Cloud Generation

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 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS
- Data Distribution: Uneven category distribution may lead to imbalances in model
performance.

- Preprocessing Effectiveness: The text cleaning, tokenization, and lemmatization

steps significantly improve the quality of data used for training.

- Text Length: A consistent range of text lengths supports effective model training,
though outliers may require additional handling.

- Word Frequencies and Word Clouds: These visualizations provide useful insights
into the dominant terms in each category, confirming that distinct vocabularies
exist between categories.

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 CONCLUSION
The implemented text classification and visualization workflow efficiently preprocesses,
analyzes, and visualizes text data from the BBC news dataset. Using a combination of
natural language processing (NLP) techniques and machine learning tools, the
following key conclusions can be drawn:

1. Effective Data Preprocessing:

- The text preprocessing steps, including case normalization, tokenization, stopword
removal, and lemmatization, successfully cleaned the raw text data, making it suitable
for machine learning tasks. This step ensured the removal of noise and irrelevant
content (e.g., links and special characters), enhancing the quality of the input for
classification.

2. Insightful Data Exploration:

- The visualization of word frequencies and text length distribution provided valuable
insights into the dataset. Word clouds and bar plots clearly illustrated the distinct
vocabulary used in each category (sports, business, politics, etc.), emphasizing the
unique language patterns associated with each topic. This step not only enhanced our
understanding of the data but also confirmed that different topics have distinct
linguistic features.
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3. Class Imbalance Observed:
- The category distribution analysis revealed an imbalance in the dataset,
with some categories having more articles than others. This imbalance could
affect model performance, especially for underrepresented categories,
leading to lower precision and recall in those classes. Addressing this
imbalance through techniques like oversampling or weighting could further
improve model accuracy.

4. Word Frequency and Pattern Recognition:

- The word frequency analysis showed that the most common words in
each category corresponded well to the nature of the respective topics. This
strengthens the argument that a text classification model can effectively
distinguish between different topics based on vocabulary patterns.

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 FUTURE SCOPE
1. Use of Advanced Text Embeddings:
- While the current workflow relies on basic tokenization and padding, future
implementations could incorporate more advanced techniques like word embeddings
(e.g., Word2Vec, GloVe) or transformer-based models (e.g., BERT, GPT). These methods
provide a richer understanding of text by capturing contextual information and word
relationships, leading to improved classification performance.

2. Hyperparameter Tuning:
- The deep learning model could benefit from a more thorough hyperparameter tuning
process. Techniques like Grid Search or Random Search can be used to fine-tune
parameters such as the number of layers, activation functions, batch size, and learning
rate. This optimization can lead to significant performance improvements.

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5. Integration of Sentiment Analysis:
- In addition to classification, the model could be extended to perform sentiment
analysis on the articles. This would provide a more in-depth analysis of the text, allowing
for the detection of not only the topic but also the sentiment (e.g., positive, negative,
neutral) associated with each article.

7. Multilingual Text Classification:

- Currently, the model is designed for English text classification. In the future, the scope
could be extended to include **multilingual text classification** by incorporating
translation models or building language-specific models for different languages. This
would widen the applicability of the model across global datasets.

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 REFERENCES
• 1. Nadkarni, P. M., Ohno-Machado, L., & Chapman, W. W. (2011). Natural
language processing: An introduction. *Journal of the American Medical
Informatics Association*, 18(5), 544-551.
https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011 000464
• 2. Kaur, J., & Saini, J. R. (2015). A Study of Text Classification Natural
Language Processing Algorithms for Indian Languages. VNSGU Journal of
Science and Technology, 4(1), 162-167. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281965343_A_Study_of_Text_
Classifi
cation_Natural_Language_Processing_Algorithms_for_Indian_Languages
• 3. Goudjil M., Koudil M., Bedda M., and Ghoggali N., A novel active
learning method using SVM for text classification, International Journal of
Automation and Computing. (2018) 15, no. 3, 290–298,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-015 0912-z, 2-s2.0-84979210523.

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