Statisti

cs and
Probabi
Statisti
cs
- it is the study of data, including how to collect, summarize, and
present it. Statistical
distributions.
analysis often uses probability

Probabil
ity
- it is the likelihood of an event happening.
Random
Variable
- it is a variable whose
chance.
possible values are determined by a

- it is typically represented by an uppercase letter, usually X, while

its corresponding lowercase letter in this case, x, is used to
represent one of its values
 Random
Variable
Discrete
Random
- it can only take a finite (countable) number of distinct
Variable
values. The values are exact and can
nonnegative whole numbers.
be represented by
 Random
Discrete
Variable
Random
Example:
- Let X be the number of students randomly
Variable
selected to be interviewed by the
researchers.
- Let A be the number of left-handed teachers
randomly selected in the faculty room.
- Let Y be the number of randomly selected
students who are using Aqua Flask tumbler
 Random
Variable
Continuous
Random
- Can assume an infinite number of values in an
Variable
interval between two specific values.
- They can assume values that can be represented not
only by nonnegative whole numbers but also by
fractions and decimals.
- The values are often result of measurement.
 Random
Continuous
Variable
Random
Example:
- Let X be the weight
Variable
selected students.
in kilograms of randomly

- Let A be the length of shoes in centimeters of

randomly selected students.
- Let Y be the height of in inches of randomly
selected elementary students.
 Random
Variable
Discrete
Probability
Distribution
- it is a list of all possible values of a discrete random
variable along with their corresponding probabilities.
 Random
Discrete
Variable
Probability
Example:

Distribution
- Things to consider:
• The probability of each value of discrete
random variable is between 0 and 1 inclusive. (0
≤P(x)≤ 1)
• The sum of all the probabilities is 1. (∑
P(x)= 1)
 Random
Continuous
Variable
Random
Example:

Variable
- Consider the table
below. X 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

- ∑P(x) = 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.3 +

0.2
- ∑P(x) = 1
 Random
Continuous
Variable
Random
Example:

Variable
- In the table, the random variable X assumes the
values 0, 1, 2, and 3. The corresponding
probabilities of these values are 0.2, 0.3, 0.3,
and 0.2, respectively. These corresponding
probabilities are each less than 1 but greater
than 0 and when added, the sum is 1.
Random
Seatwork
Variable 1.
Probability
Directions: Find the probability of each
event.
1. Selecting a black card in a deck of cards
Check:
2. Selecting a king card in a deck of cards.
3. In how many ways can two coins fall?
4. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they fall?
5. In how many ways can a die fall?
6. In how many ways can two dice fall?
7. How many ways are there in tossing one coin and rolling a
die?
 Random
Variable
Mean of a Discrete
Random
- Also calledVariable Xof X.
as expected value
- It is the weighted average of all the values that the
random variable X would assume in the long run.
- The average of the outcomes that is likely to be
obtained if the trials are repeated over and over
again.
 Random
Variable
Mean of a Discrete
Random
- It is computedVariable X
using the formula: E (X) = ∑[xP(x)]
• where X = discrete random variable
• x = outcome or value of the random
variable
• P(x) = probability of the outcome x
 Random
Mean of a Discrete
Variable
Random
Example: Variable X
A researcher surveyed the households in a small town.
The random variable X represents the number of college
graduates in the households. The probability distribution of
X is shown below.
 Random
Mean of a Discrete
Variable
Random
Example: Variable X
X 0 1 2
P(x) 0.25 0.50 0.25

Find the mean or expected value

of X.
 Random
Mean
Variableof a Discrete
Random
Example:
X
Variable
P(x)
X XP(x)
0 0.25 0
1 0.50 0.50
2 0.25 0.50
= 1.00
• The expected value is 1.
• The average number of college graduates in the
household of the small town is one.
Random
Mean
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Try it out!
Variable X
A security guard recorded the number of people
entering the bank every hour during one working day.
The random variable X represents the number of people
who entered the bank. The probability distribution of X is
shown below.
Random
Mean
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Try it out!
Variable X
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1

What is the expected number of people who

enters the bank every hour?
Random
Mean
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Try it out! Variable X
x P(x) xP(x)
0 0 0.0
1 0.1 0.1
2 0.2 0.4
3 0.4 1.2
4 0.2 0.8
5 0.1 0.5
= 3.0
Random
Mean
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Try it out! Variable X

• The expected value is 3.0

• The average number of people entering the bank every
hour during that working day is three
 Random
Variable
Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable X
- The expected value of the square of the difference
between the assumed value of random variable and
the mean.
- It is denoted by σ² or Var (X)
 Random
Variable
Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable
- It is computed X
using the formula:
- Var (X) = ∑[(x- µ)²P(x)] or σ² = ∑[(x- µ)²P(x)]
where x = outcome
µ = population mean
P(x) = probability of the outcome
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Example: Variable X
Determine the variance of the probability
distribution below.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.05
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Example:
Random
x P(x) xP(x) Variable
x-µ X- µ)
(x 2
(x - µ)2 P(x)
1 0.15
2 0.25
3 0.30
4 0.15
5 0.10
6 0.05
 Random
Variance of a Discrete
Variable
Random
Example:
x P(x) xP(x)
Variable
x-µ
X
(x - µ) 2
(x - µ)2 P(x)
1 0.15 0.15 1 – 2.95 = - 1.95 3.8025 0.5704
2 0.25 0.50 2 – 2.95 = - 0.95 0.9025 0.2256
3 0.30 0.90 3 – 2.95 = 0.05 0.0025 0.0008
4 0.15 0.60 4 – 2.95 = 1.05 1.1025 0.1654
5 0.10 0.50 5 – 2.95 = 2.05 4.2025 0.4203
6 0.05 0.30 6 – 2.95 = 3.05 9.3025 0.4651
= 2.95 = 1.8476
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random Variable X
Alternative
Solution:
- The variance of a discrete random variable can also be
determined by subtracting the square of its mean from the
summation of the products of the squares of the outcomes
and their corresponding probabilities.
- Formula: σ² = ∑[x²P(x)] – (∑[xP(x)])²
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Example: Variable X
Determine the variance of the probability
distribution below.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.05
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Example:
Random
x P(x) Variable
xP(x) 2X
x x2P(x)
1 0.15
2 0.25
3 0.30
4 0.15
5 0.10
6 0.05
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Example:
Random
x P(x) Variable
xP(x) 2X
x x2P(x)
1 0.15 0.15 1 0.15
2 0.25 0.50 4 1
3 0.30 0.90 9 2.7
4 0.15 0.60 16 2.4
5 0.10 0.50 25 2.5

∑[𝑥²𝑃(𝑥)]= 10.55
6 0.05 0.30 36 1.8
= 2.95
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random Variable X
Alternative
Solution:
- σ²= ∑[x²P(x)] –
(∑[xP(x)])²
- σ²= 10.55 – (2.95)²
- σ²= 10.55 – 8.7025
- σ²= 1.8475
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Example: Variable X
Determine the variance of the probability
distribution below.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Example:
x P(x) xP(x)
Variable
x-µ
X
(x - µ)
2
(x - µ)2 P(x)
0 0.1
1 0.2
2 0.3
3 0.3
4 0.1
 Random
Variance
Variable of a Discrete
Random
Example:
x P(x) xP(x)
Variable
x-µ
X
(x - µ) 2
(x - µ)2 P(x)
0 0.1 0 -2.1 4.41 0.441
1 0.2 0.2 -1.1 1.21 0.242
2 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.01 0.003
3 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.81 0.243
4 0.1 0.4 1.9 3.61 0.361
= 2.1 = 1.29