TRAINING CLASSES ON MYSQL

DEPARTMENT OF DS-CS & CSIT

TOPIC: JOINS
 Overview

• Definition

• Types of Joins

• Example Queries
 DEFINITION

• In DBMS, a join is mainly used to combine two tables based on a

specified common field between them.

• Join operation is one of the most useful operations in relational

algebra and the most commonly used way to combine information
from two or more relations.
 TYPES OF JOINS

1. Inner Join

2. Outer Join

3. Self Join

4. Cross join
 INNER JOIN

• Inner Join is a join that can be used to return all the values that
have matching values in both the tables

• In an inner join, only those tuples that satisfy the matching criteria
are included, while the rest are excluded.

• Inner Join can be depicted using the below diagram.

 CONTD..

The inner join can be further divided into the following types:

a) Condition or Theta join

b) Equi Join

c) Natural Join
 CONDITION/THETA JOIN

This join can use any condition in selection criteria. The general case of JOIN operation

Ex: A ⋈θ B
is called a Theta join. It is denoted by symbol θ.

RESERVES R1 SAILORS S1

SID BID DAY SID SNAME RATING AGE

22 101 10/10/96 22 DUSTIN 7 45

58 103 11/12/96 31 LUBBER 8 55

58 RUSTY 10 35
 CONDITION/THETA JOIN

The result of S1 ⋈S1.sid< R1.sid R1

SID SNAME RATING AGE SID BID DAY

22 DUSTIN 7 45 58 103 11/12/96

31 LUBBER 8 35 58 103 11/12/96

 EQUI JOIN

Equi Join is an inner join that uses the equivalence condition for fetching the values

Ex: A ⋈ A . column = B . column B

of two tables.

Consider the following employee and department tables:

empid empname deptid deptid deptname

1 HARRY 2 1 CSE
2 TOM 3 2 MECH
3 JOY 5 3 IT
4 ROY 8
 EQUI JOIN

Query:

Select employee.empid, employee.empname, department.deptname from employee Inner

Join department on employee.deptid = department.deptid;

empid empname deptname

1 HARRY MECH
2 TOM IT

Note: In Equi join the common column name can be same or different.
 NATURAL JOIN

Natural Join is an inner join that returns the values of the two tables on the basis of a
common attribute that has the same name and domain.

Note: In Natural join, the tables should have same column names to perform equality
operations on them.

Query: select * from employee natural join department;

If we want to specify attribute names, the query will be:

Select employee.empid,employee.empname,department.deptid,department.deptname
from employee natural join department;
 OUTER JOIN

Outer Join is a join that can be used to return the records in both the tables
whether it has matching records in both the tables or not.
In an outer join, along with tuples that satisfy the matching criteria, we also
include some or all tuples that do not match the criteria.

The outer join can be further divided into three types:

1. Left-Outer Join
2. Right-Outer Join
3. Full-Outer Join
 LEFT OUTER JOIN

The Left-Outer Join (⟕) is an outer join that returns all the
values of the left table, and the values of the right table
that has matching values in the left table.
 LEFT OUTER JOIN

Query: Select employee.empId, employee.empName, department.deptName from

employee Left Outer Join department on employee.deptId = department.deptId;

Output:

empid empname deptname

1 HARRY MECH
2 TOM IT
3 JOY NULL
4 ROY NULL
 RIGHT OUTER JOIN

The Right-Outer Join (⟖) is an outer join that returns all

the values of the right table, and the values of the left
table that has matching values in the right table.
 RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Query:

Select employee.empId, employee.empName, department.deptName from

employee Right Outer Join department on employee.deptId = department.deptId;

empid empname deptname

NULL NULL CSE
1 HARRY MECH
2 TOM IT
 FULL OUTER JOIN

The Full-Outer(⟗) join contains all the values of both the tables
whether they have matching values in them or not.
 FULL OUTER JOIN

Query: empid Empname deptid Deptid deptname

1 HARRY 2 1 CSE
Select * from 1 HARRY 2 2 MECH
employee Full Join 1 HARRY 2 3 IT
department;
2 TOM 3 1 CSE
Output: 2 TOM 3 2 MECH
2 TOM 3 3 IT
3 JOY 5 1 CSE
3 JOY 5 2 MECH
3 JOY 5 3 IT
4 ROY 8 1 CSE
4 ROY 8 2 MECH
4 ROY 8 3 IT
 SELF JOIN

• The self join allows you to join a table to itself.

• This implies that each row of the table is combined with every other row of the
table.
• The self join can be viewed as a join of two copies of the same table.
• The table is not actually copied, but SQL performs the command as though it were.
This is accomplished by using table name aliases to give each instance of the table a
separate name.
• It is most useful for extracting hierarchical data or comparing rows with in the same
table
 SELF JOIN

create table customers(firstname char(20),country char(20))

insert into customers values('nav','India')

insert into customers values('sav','India')
insert into customers values('nav','us')
insert into customers values('nav','India’)

select * from customers

select c1.firstname as firstperson,c2.firstname as secondperson,c1.country

from customers c1,customers c2
where c1.country=c2.country and c1.firstname!=c2.firstname;

select c1.firstname as firstperson,c2.firstname as secondperson,c1.country

from customers c1 JOIN customers c2
on c1.country=c2.country and c1.firstname!=c2.firstname;
 CROSS JOIN

• The cross join command in SQL, also known as a cartesian join, returns all
combinations of rows from each table.
• Note, that this join does not need any condition to join two tables.
• In fact, CROSS JOIN joins every row from the first table with every row from
the second table and its result comprises all combinations of records in two
tables.
 CROSS JOIN

CREATE TABLE Meals(MealName VARCHAR(100))

CREATE TABLE Drinks(DrinkName VARCHAR(100))

INSERT INTO Drinks VALUES('Orange Juice'), ('Tea'), ('Cofee')

INSERT INTO Meals VALUES('Omlet'), ('Fried Egg'), ('Sausage’)

SELECT * FROM Meals;

SELECT * FROM Drinks

SELECT * FROM Meals CROSS JOIN Drinks

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROSS JOIN & FULL OUTER JOIN

A Cross Join combines every row from one table with every row from another,
creating a Cartesian product, while a Full outer join returns all rows from both
tables, including unmatched rows, based on a specified condition.

Feature CROSS JOIN FULL OUTER JOIN

Purpose Generate all possible Return all rows from both

combinations (Cartesian tables, including matched and
product) unmatched rows

ON Clause No ON clause required Requires an ON clause (join

condition)
Result All combinations of rows All rows from both tables, with
matched and unmatched rows

Use Cases Combinatorial data generation Comprehensive data analysis,

including unmatched rows from
either table
 USING CLAUSE

When the columns used to join are called equally in both tables, the USING
clause can be used as a shorthand.
For example, if the tables COURSES and TECHNOLOGIES have a common
column named ‘technology_id’, you can use the following query

SELECT * FROM COURSES

JOIN TECHNOLOGIES
USING (technology_id);
 CTE(COMMON TABLE EXPRESSION)

• A Common Table Expression (CTE) is the result set of a query which exists temporarily
and for use only within the context of a larger query. Much like a derived table, the
result of a CTE is not stored and exists only for the duration of the query.

• In SQL, both CTEs (Common Table Expressions) and subqueries are

used to create temporary result sets within a query, but CTEs are named
and can be referenced multiple times, while subqueries are typically used for a single,
nested operation.

• CTEs make complex queries easier to write and read by breaking them
into simpler parts.
 QUERY 1

Input: FLIGHTS
Cust_id Flight_id Origin Destination
1 SG1234 DELHI HYDERABAD
1 SG3476 KOCHI MANGALORE
1 69876 HYDERABAD KOCHI
2 68749 MUMBAI VARANASI
2 SG5723 VARANASI DELHI

Expected output:

Cust_id Origin Destination

1 DELHI MANGALORE
2 MUMBAI DELHI