Scribd
Upload
4 views11 pages

Class 6 - Bar Element Example and Stresses

The document outlines a class on Applied Finite Element Analysis, focusing on bar element examples and troubleshooting Abaqus models. Key objectives include determining stresses from nodal displacements and transforming stiffness matrices from local to global coordinates. Upcoming events include lab sessions, homework assignments, and reading materials for students to prepare for future classes.

Uploaded by

baltazarbedolla15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views11 pages

Class 6 - Bar Element Example and Stresses

The document outlines a class on Applied Finite Element Analysis, focusing on bar element examples and troubleshooting Abaqus models. Key objectives include determining stresses from nodal displacements and transforming stiffness matrices from local to global coordinates. Upcoming events include lab sessions, homework assignments, and reading materials for students to prepare for future classes.

Uploaded by

baltazarbedolla15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

BMED/CE/ME 404:

Applied Finite Element


Analysis

Class 6: Bar Element Example

Question of the Day:


If your Abaqus model fails to run, what should you do?

1) Open the “monitor” window and read all errors and warnings.
2) In the monitor window, skim the “data” and “message” files.
3) Search the help system for any warnings or errors you don’t understand.
Lesson Objectives

• Determine stresses from nodal displacements.


• Work through a complete bar finite element
analysis.
• Use rotation matrices to transform stiffness
matrices from local to global coordinates.

2
Upcoming Events

• In lab next week:


• Lab 3 – 2-D elements (on PolyLearn)
• (complete Lab 2 & pre-lab for Lab 3 before coming to lab)
• No class Monday
• For next Wednesday:
• Read 3.5, 3.10-11
• Finish HW 2, Start HW 3
• Find a partner and discuss final project topic ideas
• For next Friday:
• Read 13.1-4

3
Post-Processing
Find reaction forces using equations we didn’t need to use to solve for
unknown DOFs
Once all the DOFs are known, we return to each element to find the
strains and stresses.

    N   d   B   d  { } [ D]{ }
But, remember that {d} only includes those DOF for this element.

This generates a patchwork of stress states that are NOT continuous


across element boundaries.

Where does Abaqus get that smooth distribution of stresses?

4
Nodal Averaging
• At each node, Abaqus averages the stresses predicted at that node
by each of the attached element.
• Then, it uses the average values at each node to generate that
smooth contour map you see.
1 2 3
1 2
• At node 2, there are two predicted stresses, one from element 1 &
one from element 2.

 avg  12  12   21 

Stress at the Stress at the


second node first node in
in element 1 element 2
Bar Element Example

The steel bar shown is subject to a linearly increasing


axial load. Its cross-sectional area is 2.0 in2. Using two
finite elements, determine the reaction force, the nodal
displacements, and the axial stress distribution in the bar.
1) Find element stiffness matrices
2) Find equivalent nodal force vectors
3) Assemble global stiffness matrix & force vector
4) Apply BC and solve
5) Post-process to find reactions and stresses.
6
Transformation
In global coordinates,

d d x iˆ  d y ˆj
In local coordinates,

d d x iˆ  d y ˆj 
The components are the DOF in global and local systems. We need to find the
relationship between the individual components to transform an element.

First, relate the unit vectors: iˆ iˆ cos   ˆj sin 


ˆj   iˆ sin   ˆj cos 
Then re-write the local coordinate expression making these substitutions:

  
d d x iˆ cos   ˆj sin   d y  iˆ sin   ˆj cos  
iˆ d  cos   d  sin    ˆj d  sin   d  cos  
x y x y
7
Transformation
Equate the two expressions for d
d x iˆ  d y ˆj iˆ d x cos   d y sin    ˆj d x sin   d y cos  

Gather terms: d x d x cos   d y sin 


d y d x sin   d y cos 
Put in Matrix form:
 d x   cos   sin    d x 
     
d y   sin  cos   d y 
global local
And, finally, invert this matrix:
Now we can see how to convert a
 d x   cos  sin    d x  stiffness matrix from local
     
d y    sin  cos   d y  coordinates to global.
local global 8
Transformation of stiffness matrix
To transform an element’s full DOF vector, {d}, we need to expand the rotation matrix:
 d1x  global
 
 d1x   cos  sin  0 0   d1 y 
    
d 2x   0 0 cos  sin    d 2 x   d  T *  d 
local d 2 y 

So, how do we use this to convert a stiffness matrix?


When we defined the stiffness matrix using Potential Energy, that expression was
focused on the element – the local coordinate system
 
U  {d }  [ B] [ D][ B]dV  {d }
1
2
 T T

V 
 k  T *  k T *
T
 12 {d }T  k  {d }
 12 {d }T T *  k T *{d }
T
global local

 12 {d }T  k  {d }
9
Transformed bar element stiffness
matrix
 k  T *  k T *
T

global local

 cos  0 
 sin  0  AE  1  1  cos  sin  0 0 
[ k ] 
 0 cos   L   1 1   0 0 cos  sin  
 
 0 sin  

 cos 2  cos  sin   cos 2   cos  sin  


 
AE  cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin   sin  
2
[k ] 
L   cos 2   cos  sin  cos 2  cos  sin  
 
  cos  sin   sin 2  cos  sin  sin  
2

10
Transformation of element stresses
To find the stresses in each element, we need to use the transformation matrix again:

   B   d   B T *  d 
{ } [ D]{ } [ D][ B][T *]{d }

You might also like