Lecture 5 Mobile Communication
Lecture 5 Mobile Communication
(COM5108)
Lecture 5
Chapter 4: Mobile Radio Propagation:
Small-Scale Fading and Multipath
4.1 Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
• The three most important effects
– Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time
interval
– Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on
different multipath signals.
– Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delays
• Factors influencing small-scale fading
– Multipath propagation: reflection objects and scatters
– Speed of the mobile: Doppler shifts
– Speed of surrounding objects
– Transmission bandwidth of the signal
• The received signal will be distorted if the transmission bandwidth is greater
than the bandwidth of the multipath channel.
• Coherent bandwidth: bandwidth of the multipath channel.
• Doppler Shift
– A mobile moves at a constant velocity v, along a path segment having
length d between points X and Y.
– Path length difference
l d cos vt cos
– Phase change
2l 2vt
cos
– Doppler shift
1 v
fd cos
2 t
4.2 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
• Small scale variation of mobile radio can be directly related to the impulse
response of the mobile radio channel .
• The Impulse response is a wideband channel characterization and contains all
information necessary to simulate or analyze any type of radio transmission
through the channel.
• This stem from the fact that a mobile radio channel may modeled as a linear
filter with a time varying impulse response ,where the time variation is due
to receiver motion in space.
• Filtering nature of the channel is caused by the summation of amplitudes and
delays of the multiple arriving waves at any instant of time.
• The impulse response is a useful characterization of the channel ,it used
to predict and compare the performance of many different mobile
communication systems and transmission bandwidths for particular
mobile channel condition .
4.2 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
• A mobile radio channel may be modeled as a linear filter with a time
varying impulse response
– time variation is due to receiver motion in space
– filtering is due to multipath
y ( d , t ) x (t ) h( d , t ) x ( )h( d , t )d
• For a causal system t
y ( d , t ) x ( )h( d , t )d
• The position of the receiver can be expressed as
d vt
• We have
t
y ( vt , t ) x( )h(vt, t )d
• Since v is a constant, y ( vt , t ) is just a function of t.
t
y (t ) x ( )h( vt , t )d
• In general, the channel impulse response can be expressed h(t , )
– t : time variation due to motion
– : channel multipath delay for a fixed value of t.
• With the channel impulse response h(t , ) , we may have the output
t
y (t ) x( )h(t, )d x(t ) h(t, )
a b
No direct path
Diffracted Reflected
wave wave
a a
Antenna y=a+b Antenna y=0
b b
t t
Tp Tp + dt
t t
Tp Tp
DELAY SPREAD
• The different signal paths between Tx and a Rx
corresponds to different transmission times. For an
identical signal pulse from the Tx, multiple copies of
the signals are received at the receiver at different
moments.
• The signal on the shortest path (typically LOS) reaches
first than those on longer paths. The direct effect of
these un-simultaneous arrivals of signal causes the
spread of the original signal in time domain.
• This spread is called the DELAY SPREAD.
Multipath Delay Spread
Z. Ghassemlooy
Effects of delay spread:
• It causes-
INTER SYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
if the bandwidth of a transmitter signal is less
than the channel coherence bandwidth, the
channel shows flat fading to be free of ISI.
otherwise, the channel shows frequency
selective fading and may suffer from ISI.
•Delay spread varies with the terrain with typical values for
rural, urban and suburban areas:
0.2 s rural 3.0s urban 0.5s suburban
4.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters
• Time dispersion parameters
– mean excess delay
– RMS delay spread
– excess delay spread
• Mean excess delay
k k
a 2
P( ) k k
k
k
a k
2
k P( ) k
k
2 ( 2 )
where k k
a 2 2
k k
P ( ) 2
2 k
k
a k
2
k P(
k
k )
4.4.2 Coherent Bandwidth
• Coherent bandwidth,Bc , is a statistic measure of the range of
frequencies over which the channel can be considered to be “flat”.
• Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc are affected
quite differently by the channel.
• If the coherent bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over which the
frequency correlation function is above 0.9, then the coherent
bandwidth is approximately
1
Bc
50
• If the frequency correlation function is above 0.5
1
Bc
5
Coherence Bandwidth
Channel
fc fc fd fc fc fd
channel response
f
BC
f
• Frequency selective fading is due to time dispersion of the transmitted
symbols within the channel.
– Induces intersymbol interference
• Frequency selective fading channels are much more difficult to model
than flat fading channels.
• Statistic impulse response model
– 2-ray Rayleigh fading model
– computer generated
– measured impulse response
• For frequency selective fading
BS BC
and
TS
• Frequency selective fading channel characteristic
4.5.2 Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread
• Fast Fading: The channel impulse response changes rapidly within
the symbol duration.
– The coherent time of the channel is smaller then the symbol period of the
transmitted signal.
– Cause frequency dispersion due to Doppler spreading.
• A signal undergoes fast fading if
TS TC
and
BS BD
• Slow Fading: The channel impulse response changes at a rate much
slower than the transmitted baseband signal s(t).
– The Doppler spread of the channel is much less then the bandwidth of the
baseband signal.
• A signal undergoes slow fading if
TS TC
and
BS BD
4.6 Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions
• Rayleigh Fading Distribution
In mobile radio channels, the Rayleigh distribution is commonly used to
describe the statistical time varying nature of the received envelope of a
flat fading signal, or the envelope of an individual multipath component.
It is well known that the envelope of the sum of two quadrature Gaussian
noise signals obeys a Rayleigh distribution.
• Consider a carrier signal at frequency 0 and with an amplitude a
define n n
r exp j ai cos(i ) j ai sin(i ) x jy
i 1 i 1
We have
n n
x ai cos(i ) r cos( ) and y ai sin(i ) r sin( )
i 1 i 1
• It can be assumed that x and y are Gaussian random variables with
mean equal to zero due to the following reasons
– n is usually very large.
– The individual amplitude ai are random.
– The phases have a uniform distribution.
i
• Because x and y are independent random variables, the joint distribution p(x,y)
is
1 x2 y2
p( x, y ) p( x ) p( y ) exp
2 2 2 2
• The distribution p ( r , ) can be written as a function of p ( x, y )
p( r, ) J p( x, y )
x / r x / cos r sin
J r
y / r y / sin r cos
• We have
r r2
p( r, ) exp
2 2 2
2
• The Rayleigh distribution has a pdf given by
r r2
2 2 exp r 0
p ( r ) p ( r , ) d 2
2
0
0 otherwise
• pdf of Rayleigh distribution
r r2
exp 0 r
2
p ( r ) 2 2
0 r0
: rms value of the received signal before envelop detection
2: time - average power of the received signal before envelop detection
• Cumulative distribution function (CDF)
R R2
P ( R ) Pr( r R ) p ( r )dr 1 exp
2
• 0
The mean value of the Rayleigh distribution is given by 2
2
E[r ] E [r ] r p( r )dr
2
r
2 2 2
0 2
2 2 0.4292 2
2
• Ricean Fading Distribution: When there is a dominant stationary
(non-fading) signal component present, such as a line-of-sight
propagation path, the small-scale fading envelope distribution is
Ricean. Scattered waves Direct wave
where
Ar 1 2 Ar cos
I0 2
2
0
exp
2 d
is the modified Bessel function of the first kind and zero-order.
• The Ricean distribution is often described in terms of a parameter K
which is defined as the ratio between the deterministic signal power
and the variance of the multipath. It is given by K A /(2 ) or in
2 2
terms of dB 2
A
K ( dB ) 10 log dB
2 2
• The parameter K is known as the Ricean factor and completely
specifies the Ricean distribution.
• As A 0 , we have K dB. The dominant path decrease in
amplitude, the Ricean distribution degenerates to a Rayleigh
distribution.