Chapter 7.

sampling 5-1

Sampling and Sampling

Distributions
 5-2

7.1 Introduction

• Sampling: is the technique of selecting

representative sample from the population
• Population: is the totality of elements or units
under study
• Sample: is the part of the population
• Sampling frame: A complete list of all the units of
the population
 5-3

• Statistical Inference: On basis of sample statistics

 Predict and forecast values of
population parameters... derived from limited and
 Test hypotheses about values incomplete sample
of population parameters... information
 Make decisions...

Make
Make Onthe
On thebasis
basisofof
generalizationsabout
generalizations about observationsofofaa
observations
thecharacteristics
the characteristicsofof sample,aapart
sample, partofofaa
aapopulation...
population... population
population
 5-4

Reasons for sampling

• Using sample saves time and cost

• It prevents destruction
• Greater speed
• It provides higher level of accuracy
• It may be the only way of undertaking the study
• Greater scope
• More detailed information can be obtained.
 5-5

Types of sampling

• Two types of sampling: probability (random) and non

probability (non-random) sampling
• Probability sampling: the selection of the sample is
purely based on chance
• Every unit of the population has a known nonzero
probability of to be included in the sample
• Includes: Simple random sampling, Stratified sampling,
Cluster sampling, and Systematic random sampling
• Simple random sampling: every unit of the population
is given an equal chance of being selected
• The sample can be drawn using lottery method or table of
random numbers
 5-6

• Stratified sampling: in stratified sampling, the

population is partitioned into two or more
subpopulation called strata, and from each stratum
a desired sample size is selected at random.
• Cluster sampling: in cluster sampling, a random
sample of the cluster is selected and then samples
from these selected cluster are obtained.
• Systemic sampling: in systemic sampling, we start
at a random point in the sampling frame, and from
this point selected every kth, say, value in the frame
to formulate the sample.
5-7
 5-8

 Non probability sampling: the sample is not

based on chance. It is based on personal judgment
• It includes:
• quota
• judgment or purposive, and
• convenience sample
 5-9

7.2 Sampling Distributions

• The sampling distribution of a statistic is the

probability distribution of all possible values the
statistic may assume, when computed from
random samples of the same size, drawn from a
specified population.
• The sampling distribution of X is the
probability distribution of all possible values the
random variable X may assume when a sample
of size n is taken from a specified population.
 5-10

• Example: Suppose we have a hypothetical population of size 3,

consisting of three children: A is 3 years old, B is 6 years old and
C is 9 years old. Construct sampling distribution of the sample
mean of size 2 using sampling without replacement and with
replacement.
Solution:
• The mean and variance of the population are 6 and 6,
respectively.
1.If sampling is without replacement we will have 3C2 = 3 possible
samples. (E( ) = 6 andXV( ) = 6) X
2.If sampling is with replacement we will have NPn = 3P2 = 9
possible samples. (E( X ) = 6 and V( X) = 3)
 5-11

Relationships between Population Parameters and

the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

The expected value of the sample mean is equal to the population mean:

E ( X )  
X X

The variance of the sample mean is equal to the population variance divided by
the sample size:

 2

V ( X )  2
 X
X
n
The standard deviation of the sample mean, known as the standard error of
the mean,
mean is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square
root of the sample size:

SD( X )   X
X
n
 5-12

Sampling from a Normal Population

Whensampling
When samplingfrom
fromaanormal
normalpopulation
populationwith meanand
withmean andstandard
standard
deviation ,the
deviation, thesample
samplemean,
mean,X,
X,has
hasaanormal
normalsampling
samplingdistribution:
distribution:
distribution
distribution
2

X ~ N (, )
n

Thismeans
This meansthat,
that,as
asthe
the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

samplesize
sample sizeincreases,
increases,the
the 0.4

samplingdistribution
sampling distributionof
ofthe
the 0.3
Sampling Distribution: n =16

Sampling Distribution: n = 4
samplemean
sample meanremains
remains
f(X)
0.2

centeredon
centered onthe
thepopulation
population 0.1
Sampling Distribution: n = 2
Normal population

mean,but
mean, butbecomes
becomesmore
more 0.0
Normal population


compactlydistributed
compactly distributedaround
around
thatpopulation
that populationmean
mean
 5-13

The Central Limit Theorem

When sampling
When sampling from from aa population
population 0.25
n=5

with mean  and

with mean and finite
finite standard
standard 0.20
0.15

P(X)
0.10

deviation ,
deviation , the
the sampling
sampling 0.05
0.00
X

distribution of
distribution of the
the sample
sample mean
mean will
will
n = 20
tend to
tend to aa normal
normal distribution
distribution with
with 0.2


mean  and standard deviation
mean  and standard deviation n as as

P(X)
0.1

the sample
the sample size
size becomes
becomes large
large 0.0
X

(n >30).
(n >30). Large n
0.4
0.3

f(X)
For “large
“large enough”
enough” n:
n: X ~ N (  , / n)
0.2

For
2
0.1
0.0

X
-
 5-14

Example:Mercury
Example: Mercurymakes
makesaa2.42.4liter
literV-6
V-6engine,
engine,the
theLaser
LaserXRi,
XRi,used
usedinin
speedboats. The
speedboats. Thecompany’s
company’sengineers
engineersbelieve
believethe
theengine
enginedelivers
deliversan
anaverage
average
powerof
power of220
220horsepower
horsepowerandandthat
thatthe
thestandard
standarddeviation
deviationof
ofpower
power
deliveredisis15
delivered 15HP.
HP. AApotential
potentialbuyer
buyerintends
intendstotosample
sample100
100engines
engines(each
(each
engineisisto
engine tobe
berun
runaasingle
singletime).
time). What
Whatisisthe
theprobability
probabilitythat
thatthe
thesample
sample
meanwill
mean willbebeless
lessthan
than217HP?
217HP?
 
 X   217   
P ( X  217)  P  
   
 n n 

   
 217  220   217  220
 P Z    P Z  
 15   15 
 100   10 

 P ( Z   2) 0.0228
 5-15

Assignment II

a. Write a short note on the sampling techniques

(Probability and Non-probability) and give
appropriate example for each of them.

b. By taking real life problem (in your field of

study), discuss how to select sample using the
sampling technique you have chosen
 5-16

Thank you!