Testing

HypothesisSteps in
T.H.
Formulas

Types of
Error
Kinds of
Tests
Definition of
Terms
Hypothesis
Testing
A decision making process for
evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a sample
purportedly coming from that
Null Hypothesis (
population.
Currently accepted value of the parameter which
is to be tested.
Alternative Hypothesis
A research hypothesis that questions the
credibility of the null hypothesis.
2 Kinds of
Tests
1) Non-Directional Test (Two-Tailed
Test) - The Probability is found in
both tails and is associated
always with a symbol of ().
2) Directional Test (One-Tailed Test)
Right-Tailed - The Probability is found in
right tail and is associated
Left-Tailed
- with the symbol ().
The Probability is found in
left tail and is associated
with the symbol ().
 ONE-
CL TAILED CV
90% .10
95% .05
99% .01
 TWO-
CL TAILED CV
90% .10 .05
95% .05 .025
99% .01 .005
Possible Outcomes in the Decision
Making Decisions about the
Rejecting a TRUE Reject Do NOT Reject
(or Accept
the )

Type I
is TRUE Correct Decision
Error
REALITY
Correct
isAccepting
FALSE a FALSE
Decision Type II Error
Example:
Maria insist that she is 30 years old
when, in fact, she is 32 years old. What
error is Maria
Answer: committing?
Type I Error: Maria is rejecting the
truth ()
A man plans to go hunting the Philippine
Monkey-Eating Eagle believing that it is a
proof of his mettle. What error is he
committing?
Answer: Type II Error: He knows that it is
against the law ()
but still he did it.
Formulas:

( Z-Table) ( T-Table)
 Steps Conducting
1) DescribeHypothesis Test(Mean or
Population Parameter
2)
Proportion)
Formulate
3) Check the theAssumptions
Hypothesis
- Is the sample large enough to apply Central
Limit Theorem
- Do small samples come from normally
distributed
4) population? Level Size for Alpha
Choose Significance
- Are thetest
Is the samples selected
Two-Tailed randomly?
or One-Tailed?
- Get a critical values from the test statistical
table.
- Establish the critical region.
Sample Problem
1:
A researcher used a Step 1)
developed problem Describe the population parameter of
solving test to interest (Mean or Proportion)
randomly select 50
grade 6 pupils. In
this sample, and . Answer
The mean and the The population
standard deviation of
the population used
parameter of
in the interest is MEAN
standardization of population.
the test were 75 and
15, respectively. Use
the 95% confidence
level as basis for
Sample
Problem:
A researcher used a Step 2)
developed problem Formulate the hypothesis
solving test to
randomly select 50
grade 6 pupils. In Answer
this sample, and .
The mean and the
standard deviation of
the population used 𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 75
in the
standardization of
the test were 75 and
15, respectively. Use
the 95% confidence
level as basis for
Sample
Problem:
A researcher used a Step 3)
developed problem Check the assumption.
solving test to - Is the sample large enough to
randomly select 50 apply
grade 6 pupils. In Central Limit Theorem
this sample, and . Answer
The mean and the Since n = 50, the
standard deviation of distribution is normally
the population used distributed.
- Are the samples selected
in the
randomly?
Answer
standardization of
the test were 75 and YES
15, respectively. Use
the 95% confidence
level as basis for
Sample
CRITICAL
Problem:
A researcher used a Step 4) REGION

developed problem Choose a significant level

solving test to -forWhat
. Answer: Two-
kind of test we have?
randomly select 50 tailed.
- Then what are the CRITICAL
grade 6 pupils. In
this sample, and . Answer
VALUES?

The mean and the

standard deviation of
the population used
in the Since it is a
standardization of Two-Tailed
the test were 75 and Test thus Therefore the z
15, respectively. Use critical values:
the 95% confidence
level as basis for
Sample
Step 5)
Problem:
A researcher used a
Compute the test
developed problem
statistics.
Answer
solving test to
randomly select 50 Since the Population parameter
grade 6 pupils. In is a MEAN, the we will use z
this sample, and . formula
INTERPRETATION:
The mean and the - Based from the rule, the
standard deviation of Null
the population used = 2.36 Hypothesis is
in the REJECTED.
standardization of 2.36 > 1.96
- There is enough evidence
the test were 75 and to reject the Null
15, respectively. Use Hypothesis.
the 95% confidence
level as basis for
Sample Problem 2:
An automobile manufacturer believes the
average mileage per gallon of one of its new
models exceeds the mean Environmental
Protection Agency rating of 43 miles per
gallon. To gain evidence to support its belief
the manufacturer randomly selected 144 of
the cars and recorded the miles per gallon
for each over a 100 mile course. The sample
mean and standard deviation for the 144 cars
were 43.6 and 1.3 miles per gallon
respectively. Perform a test of hypothesis to
Sample Problem 2:
An automobile manufacturer
believes the average mileage
Step 1:
per gallon of one of its new Mean
Step 2: Ho:
models exceeds the mean
Environmental Protection Ha:
Agency rating of 43 miles Step 3: Since n =
per gallon. To gain evidence
to support its belief the 144, the
manufacturer randomly distribution
selected 144 of the cars and is
recorded the miles per
normally
gallon for each over a 100 Step 4: Right-Tailed
distributed.
mile course. The sample
mean and standard deviation , 99%
Randomly
for the 144 cars were 43.6 CV
and 1.3 miles per gallon
selected.
respectively. Perform a test
Sample Problem 2:
An automobile manufacturer Step 5: Given:
believes the average mileage
per gallon of one of its new
models exceeds the mean
Environmental Protection
Agency rating of 43 miles per
gallon. To gain evidence to
𝟓 . 𝟓𝟒>𝟐 . 𝟑𝟔𝟒
support its belief the
manufacturer randomly
Step 6: Conclusion
selected 144 of the cars and Based from the rule, the
recorded the miles per gallon Null
for each over a 100 mile Hypothesis is
course. The sample mean and
REJECTED.
standard deviation for the 144
cars were 43.6 and 1.3 miles There is enough
per gallon respectively.
evidence to reject the
Perform a test of hypothesis
Sample Problem 3:
The manufacturer of a certain brand of auto batteries
claims that the mean life of these batteries is 45 months.
A consumer protection agency that wants to check this
claim took a random sample of 36 such batteries and
found that the mean life for these sample is 43.75
months w/ a standard deviation of 4 months. Using the
2.5% significance alpha, would you conclude that the
mean life of these batteries is less than 45 months?
Sample Problem 3:
The manufacturer of a Step 1:
certain brand of auto
batteries claims that the Step 2: Ho:
mean life of these
batteries is 45 months. A Ha: the sample is
consumer protection Step 3: Since
agency that wants to large (n = 36)
check this claim took a and we assume random selection
random sample of 36 such and independence, the t-test is
valid even if the population
batteries and found that
distribution is not perfectly
the mean life for these Step 4: Left-Tailed
normal. Randomly selected. ,
sample is 43.75 months w/
97.5% ,
a standard deviation of 4
months. Using the 2.5% CV 2.030
significance alpha, would
Sample Problem 3:
The manufacturer of a Step 5: Given:
certain brand of auto
batteries claims that the
mean life of these
batteries is 45 months. A −𝟏 . 𝟖𝟕𝟓>−𝟐 . 𝟎𝟑
consumer protection
agency that wants to Step 6: Conclusion
check this claim took a At the 2.5% significance
random sample of 36 such level, we do not have
batteries and found that enough evidence to
the mean life for these conclude that the mean
sample is 43.75 months w/ battery life is less than 45
a standard deviation of 4 months. The
months. Using the 2.5% manufacturer's claim
significance alpha, would cannot be rejected.
Sample Problem 4:
A water-treatment Step 1)
plant has a target pH Describe the population parameter of
of 8.0. Based on 16 interest (Mean or Proportion)
random water
samples, the mean
Answer
and the standard
deviation were found The population
to be 7.6 and 0.4 parameter of
respectively. Does interest is MEAN
the sample mean population.
provide enough
evidence that it
differs significantly
Sample Problem 4:
A water-treatment Step 2)
plant has a target pH Formulate the hypothesis
of 8.0. Based on 16
random water Answer
samples, the mean
and the standard
deviation were found
to be 7.6 and 0.4 𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 8.0
respectively. Does
the sample mean
provide enough
evidence that it
differs significantly
Sample Problem 4:
A water-treatment Step 3)
plant has a target pH Check the assumption.
of 8.0. Based on 16 - Is the sample large enough to
random water apply
Central Limit Theorem
samples, the mean Answer
and the standard Since n = 16, Central
deviation were found Limit Theorem cannot
to be 7.6 and 0.4 be applied
Samples are assumed to
respectively. Does the come from normally
sample mean provide distributed population.Answe
- Are the samples selected
enough evidence that r
randomly?
it differs significantly YES
from the target
Sample Problem 4:
A water-treatment Step 4) Finding Critical
plant has a target pH Value
of 8.0. Based on 16 - What kind of test we Answer:
have? Two-
random water tailed.
- Then what are the CRITICAL
samples, the mean Answer
VALUES?
and the standard
deviation were found Therefore the t
to be 7.6 and 0.4 critical values:
respectively. Does
the sample mean
provide enough
evidence that it
differs significantly
Sample Problem 4:
A water-treatment Step 5)
plant has a target pH Compute the test
of 8.0. Based on 16 statistics.
Answer
random water Since n < 30, we will use t
samples, the mean formula.
and the standard
INTERPRETATION:
deviation were found - Based from the rule,
to be 7.6 and 0.4 =-4 the Null
respectively. Does Hypothesis is
- 4 -2.131 REJECTED,
the sample mean therefore the
provide enough Alternative
Hypothesis is
evidence that it ACCEPTED.
differs significantly
Sample Problem 4:
A water-treatment - 4 -2.131
plant has a target pH
of 8.0. Based on 16 INTERPRETATION:
- The sample evidence
random water
samples, the mean warrants the rejection of
and the standard the NULL Hypothesis. The
deviation were found sample does not belong to
to be 7.6 and 0.4 the population whose mean
respectively. Does the is 8.0. Indeed, there is a
sample mean provide significant difference
enough evidence that between the means.
it differs significantly
from the target mean?
ASSIGNMENT
A sample of five measurements, randomly
selected from an approximately normally
distributed population, resulted in the
summary statistics: 4.6,
a. Test the NULL hypothesis that the
mean of the population is 6 against the
alternative hypothesis Use
b.Test the NULL hypothesis that the
mean of the population is 6 against the
alternative hypothesis Use