ICT

Topics covered
• Big data
• RAID
• DBMS
Introduction to Big Data
• In this lecture, we embark on a journey to explore the multifaceted world of Big Data, unravelling its
complexities and uncovering its transformative potential.

• Understanding the Fundamentals

 Defining Big Data: Big Data refers to the vast volume of structured and unstructured data generated by
individuals, organizations, and machines.

 The Five V's: Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, and Value serve as the cornerstone of understanding Big
Data, highlighting its scale, speed, diversity, accuracy, and utility.
The V’s of Big Data: A Closer Look
 Volume: The total magnitude of data generated daily is stunning, with petabytes and exabytes becoming
commonplace units of measurement.

 Velocity: Data is produced at an unprecedented pace, driven by the production of digital devices and
interconnected systems.

 Variety: From text to images, videos to sensor data, Big Data encompasses a wide array of formats, each
presenting unique challenges and opportunities.

 Veracity: Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data is crucial for deriving meaningful insights and making
informed decisions.

 Value: The true potential of Big Data lies in its ability to deliver actionable insights that drive innovation,
enhance efficiency, and create value for businesses and society.
Real-World Applications.
 Healthcare: Big Data analytics hold the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery, enabling personalized
treatment, predictive analytics, and improved patient outcomes.

 Gaming: In the gaming industry, developers leverage Big Data analytics to optimize gameplay, enhance user
engagement, and tailor experiences to individual preferences.

 Disaster Management: Big Data analytics play a crucial role in disaster management, providing timely
insights and predictive modelling to mitigate risks and minimize the impact of natural disasters.
 Big data analytics

Big data analytics involves systematically processing and analysing vast amounts of data
and intricate datasets, commonly referred to as big data, to extract valuable insights.

•Identification of Trends: This approach enables the identification of trends, patterns, and
correlations within extensive raw data, aiding analysts in making data-driven decisions.

•Actionable Intelligence: Through this process, actionable intelligence is derived, enabling

businesses to gain a competitive edge and drive strategic initiatives.
 Net Topic:
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
 Redundant Array of Independent Disks
• RAID, which stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is a
technology used to combine multiple physical hard drives into a single
logical unit for data storage. RAID offers various benefits, including
improved performance, data redundancy, and increased fault tolerance.
Let's explore RAID in more detail, including its types and real-life examples:

• RAID Overview:

• RAID technology was developed to address the need for enhanced data
storage reliability and performance in computer systems. By combining
multiple disks into a single array, RAID provides increased data protection
and performance compared to single-drive configurations.

• Real-Life Example:

• Imagine a company that relies on a server to store critical business data,

such as customer information, financial records, and employee files. To
ensure data availability and prevent loss in the event of a disk failure, the
company implements RAID technology on its server.
 Types of RAID:
1. RAID 0 - Striping:
o Importance: RAID 0 enhances disk performance
by striping data across multiple drives, allowing
for faster read and write speeds. However, RAID
0 does not provide redundancy, meaning that if
one drive fails, all data in the array may be lost.
o Real-Life Example: A graphic design company
uses RAID 0 to improve the performance of its
workstation for rendering large multimedia files.
While RAID 0 boosts data transfer speeds, the
company acknowledges the risk of data loss and
implements regular backups to mitigate this risk.
RAID 1

RAID 1 - Mirroring:
o Importance: RAID 1 provides data redundancy by
mirroring data across multiple drives. In the event
of a drive failure, the mirrored drive(s) can
seamlessly take over, ensuring uninterrupted
access to data.
o Real-Life Example: A small business stores its
critical database on a RAID 1 array. With RAID 1
mirroring, the company ensures that even if one
disk fails, the data remains accessible from the
mirrored disk. This redundancy minimizes the risk
of data loss and ensures business continuity.
 RAID 5

RAID 5 - Striping with Parity:

o Importance: RAID 5 combines striping with
distributed parity, offering both improved
performance and fault tolerance. Parity
information is distributed across all drives in
the array, allowing data to be reconstructed in
the event of a single drive failure.
o Real-Life Example: A medium-sized company
utilizes RAID 5 for its file server, which stores a
large volume of shared documents and files.
With RAID 5, the company benefits from
enhanced read/write performance while
safeguarding against data loss due to drive
failures.
RAID 6
RAID 6 - Dual Parity:
o Importance: RAID 6 builds upon RAID 5 by adding
an additional layer of redundancy through dual
parity. This means that even if two drives fail
simultaneously, data integrity is maintained,
offering an extra layer of protection for critical
data.
o Real-Life Example: A financial institution relies on
RAID 6 for its data storage infrastructure, which
houses sensitive customer information and
transaction records. With RAID 6, the institution
ensures high levels of data protection and
integrity, minimizing the risk of data loss even in
the face of multiple drive failures.
RAID 1+0

• The mostly used type due to its

dual features is RAID 1+O
• Both speed benefit from RAID 0
and Mirroring from RAID 1
 Next Topic:
Database and Server
Difference b/w Database and Server
• Database:

A database is a structured collection of data organized for efficient retrieval, storage, and manipulation. It serves as
a centralized repository where data is stored in a structured format, typically organized into tables, rows, and
columns. Databases are designed to handle large volumes of data and provide mechanisms for querying, updating,
and managing data integrity.

• Server:

A server, on the other hand, is a computer or device that provides resources, services, or functionality to other
computers, known as clients, over a network. In the context of databases, a server refers to the hardware or
software that hosts the database management system (DBMS) and manages access to the database.
 Difference b/w Database and Server
Functionality: A database is a repository for storing and managing data, while a server is a computing device that hosts and manages the database.

Role: The database stores and organizes data, while the server provides access to the database and facilitates communication between clients and
the database.

Components:

A database consists of data structures, tables, indexes, and other elements for data storage and management.

A server includes hardware components (such as processors, memory, and storage) and software components (such as operating systems and
database management systems) necessary for hosting and managing databases.

• Example:

• Imagine a company that operates an e-commerce website. The database contains information about products, customers, orders, and inventory.
The server, which may be a dedicated computer or a cloud-based platform, hosts the database management system (DBMS) software, such as
MySQL or SQL Server. When a customer interacts with the website, the server processes their requests, retrieves data from the database, and
sends the requested information back to the client.

• Understanding the distinction between database and server is crucial for designing, implementing, and maintaining robust and efficient data
management systems. While the database serves as the foundation for storing and organizing data, the server provides the infrastructure and
services necessary for accessing and managing the database effectively.
DBMS & Types
• DBMS: Database Management System Explained: 1. Relational DBMS (RDBMS):

• A Database Management System (DBMS) is software designed o Stores data in tables with rows and columns.
to efficiently and securely store, retrieve, and manage data in a o Examples: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server.
structured format. It acts as an intermediary between users and
the database, providing an interface for data manipulation and
2. NoSQL DBMS:
access.
o Suitable for unstructured or semi-structured data.
• Layman Example: Imagine a library where books are stored in an
organized manner. The librarian acts as the DBMS, managing the o Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.
library's collection, helping users find books, checking books in
and out, and ensuring the library operates smoothly. 3. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS):

o Stores data in objects rather than tables.

o Examples: db4o, Object DB.

 Roadmap to Mastering DBMS:

1. Understanding Basic Concepts: Learn the fundamentals of databases, including tables, records, fields, and relationships.

2. Exploring DBMS Architecture: Understand the components of a DBMS, such as storage, query processing, and concurrency control.

3. Learning SQL: Master Structured Query Language (SQL), the standard language for interacting with relational databases.

4. Practical Application: Gain hands-on experience by working on projects or solving real-world database problems.

5. Understanding Database Design: Learn about database modelling, normalization, and schema design to create efficient and scalable
databases.

6. Exploring Advanced Topics: Dive deeper into topics such as transactions, indexing, optimization, and data warehousing.

7. Specialization: Choose a specialization within the field of DBMS, such as data analytics, data science, or database administration.

8. Continuous Learning and Updates: Stay updated with the latest trends, technologies, and advancements in the field of database
management.
Thank You