MICRO-PROCESSOR

Subject :- Computer Organization

And Advanced Microprocessor
[BCA-3501]

NAME :- SHAH KELCY

ROLL NO:- 20-BCA-141
Introduction to AMD- Advanced Micro Devices
 AMD was founded in 1969 by Walter Jeremiah
Sanders. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is
an American multinational semiconductor
company based in Santa Clara, California, that
develops computer processors and related
technologies for business and consumer
markets. While it initially manufactured its own
processors, the company later outsourced its
manufacturing, a practice known as going
fabless, after GlobalFoundries was spun off in
2009. AMD's main products include
microprocessors, motherboard chipsets,
embedded processors and graphics processors
for servers, workstations, personal computers
 Types Of AMD
Processors
1. AMD Athlon-1975:-
➢Launched- June 23, 1999
➢Performance- Max. CPU clock rate 500 MHz
to 2.33 GHz
➢Common manufacturer(s) - AMD
➢FSB speeds- 200 MT/s to 400 MT/s
➢Architecture and classification
➢Minimum feature size 0.25 μm to 0.13 μm
➢Instruction set-x86
➢History- Predecessor K6-III
➢Successor-Athlon XP AMD Sempron-1997
➢Launched- July 2004 to April 2014
➢Common manufacturer(s) - AMD
➢Performance- Max. CPU clock rate 1.0 GHz to 2.9
GHz
➢FSB speeds- 166 MHz to 2700 MHz
➢Architecture and classification
➢Minimum feature size- 130 nm to 28 nm
➢Instruction set-x86,AMD64
➢History- Predecessor Duro
2. AMD Sempron-1997:-

➢Launched- July 2004 to April 2014

➢Common manufacturer(s) - AMD
➢Performance- Max. CPU clock rate 1.0 GHz to
2.9 GHz
➢FSB speeds- 166 MHz to 2700 MHz
➢Architecture and classification
➢Minimum feature size- 130 nm to 28 nm
➢Instruction set-x86,AMD64
➢History- Predecessor Duron
 3. AMD FX-2008 :-
➢Launched- March 2011
➢Common manufacturer(s) - AMD
➢Performance- Max. CPU clock rate 2.1 GHz to
5.0 GHz
➢FSB speeds- 200 MT/s to 400 MT/s
➢Architecture and classification
➢Minimum feature size 32 nm to 28 nm
➢Instruction set-x86
➢History- Phenom II, Athlon II
➢Successor- Ryzen
 4. AMD RYZEN-2010:-

➢Launched- February 2017 (released March 2, 2017)

➢Common manufacturer(s) - AMD
➢Performance- Max. CPU clock rate 3.0 GHz to 4.9
GHz
➢FSB speeds- 200 MT/s to 400 MT/s
Architecture and classification of AMD RYZEN

➢Minimum feature size 14 nm to 7 nm

➢Instruction set-x86
➢History- Predecessor FX
 SUN SPARC-Scalable Processor
Architecture
 SUN SPARC was founded in 1980s by Sun
Microsystems. SPARC is a highly-scalable open
architecture designed to offer fast execution rates.
The word "scalable" in SPARC means the register
stack can be scaled up to 512, or 32 windows, to
minimize processor loads. It can also be scaled down
to minimize interference and context switching time.
At some point during a function call, the window is
passed 16 registers down the stack to share upper
and lower registers between functions. The window
is again moved up, pushing the local registers to the
top or bottom of the stack, allowing local values to be
maintained across function calls
3 Major Revisions To The SPARC
Architecture :-

➢SPARC-V7, 32bit, 1986

➢SPARC-V8, 32bit, 1990
➢SPARC-V9, 64bit, 1993
 MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked
Pipelined Stages)
 MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages)
is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set
architecture (ISA) developed by MIPS Computer Systems,
now MIPS Technologies, based in the United States. MIPS-I
architecture as the demonstrator for stimulation and the fast
simulator coupling in Hades. The first reason for this
decision is the architecture itself, with its simple and regular
instruction set, straightforward memory-model, clean
exception and interrupt handling. Secondly, the market for
32-bit embedded systems and system-on-a-chip designs is
still dominated by microcontrollers based on the MIPS and
ARM architectures. Thirdly, documentation and tools for the
MIPS architecture are readily available. For example, the
DLX processor used in the textbook(s) by J.L.Hennessy and
Patterson is closed based on the MIPS concepts
 Introduction to Intel
processors
 For decades, Intel®️has made the most trusted CPUs
on the market, but the thicket of model numbers,
names, and generations can make it challenging to
choose the best Intel Core CPU for your PC .Below,
we explain the Intel processor brands, generations,
and models in plain, easy-to-understand English.
We’ll also look at naming conventions, so when you
see Intel Core™️i3-8145U or Intel Core i7-10510Y,
you’ll know exactly what each part of the name
means. We also demystify the Intel CPU generations
and “Lake” monikers, and the latest Intel processors
– 11th Generation – and how they support the new
Evo platform (and why that’s exciting). Finally, we’ll
clarify Intel’s Core, Xeon®️, Pentium®️, and
Celeron®️processors, with the generations, brand
 Types Of Intel Processors :-
1. Intel Pentium (1993 to till date) :-
➢32-bit , superscalar CISC
➢32-bit address bus
➢64-bit data bus
➢TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) used to store recently
accessed pages
➢ALU executes two instruction per clock
➢Two separate cache (instruction cache and data cache) of
8kb
➢3.3V
➢60 – 233 MHz clock frequency
➢Branch Prediction is used to improve overall performance
➢Power management feature
2. Intel Celeron (1998 to till date)

➢Low cost 32- bit CISC

➢For multimedia systems
➢75 new instruction for multimedia
performance
➢Data flow architecture with MMX
technology
➢3.3V
➢2.6GHz – clock frequency
➢Cheaper desktop computers
➢Celeron D is new version
3. Intel Xeon (1998 to till date)
➢Launched June 1998
➢Common manufacturer(s)
➢Intel ➢Performance
➢Microarchitecture Rocket Lake, Ice Lake, Cooper Lake, Comet Lake,
Cascade Lake, Coffee Lake, Kaby Lake, Sky lake, Broad well, Has well, Ivy
Bridge, Sandy Bridge, West mere, Nehalem, Core, Net Burst, P6.
➢Max. CPU clock rate 0.4 GHz to 4.80 GHz
➢FSB speeds 0.6 GHz to 8.0 GT/s
➢Architecture and classification
➢Instruction set IA-32, x86-64
➢Physical specifications
➢Cores
➢Up to 56
4. Intel Core (2006 to 2011) :-
➢Intel Pentium Dual Core (2006 to 2009)
➢Intel Core 2 (2006 to 2011)
➢Intel Atom (2008 to 2009) also called Centrino Atom
➢Intel Core i7 (2008 to till date)
➢Intel Core i5 (2009 to till date)
➢Intel Core i3 (2010 to till date)
➢Intel Core i9
➢Designer Intel
➢Manufacturer Intel
➢Model Number i9-9900K
➢October 19, 2018 (launched)
➢Max Memory 128 GB
Mobile processors :-
 A CPU chip is designed for portable computers
to run fan less, under 10-15W, which is cool
enough without a fan.[1] It is typically housed
in a smaller chip package, but more
importantly, in order to run cooler, it uses lower
voltages than its desktop counterpart and has
more sleep mode capability. A mobile processor
can be throttled down to different power levels
or sections of the chip can be turned off
entirely when not in use. Further, the clock
frequency may be stepped down under low
processor loads. This stepping down conserves
 Types Of Moblie Processors :-
1. Qualcomm Snapdragon Processor :
➢Modem Name Peak Download Speed Peak Upload Speed
Cellular Modem-RF Specs CPU Clock Speed CPU Cores Image
Signal Processor Dual Camera, MFNR, 30fps Single Camera
Other Audio Capturing Technologies GPU Name Qualc Quick
Charge™️Technology Support.
➢Qualcomm®️Snapdragon™️X60 5G Modem-RF
➢ Up to 7.5 Gbps (5G)
➢7.5 Gbps
➢3 Gbps
➢8 carriers (mmWave)
➢800 MHz bandwidth (mmWave)
➢200 MHz bandwidth (sub-6 GHz)
2. Apple processors :
➢Architecture 2x 3.223 GHz – Avalanche
➢4x 1.82 GHz – Blizzard
➢Cores 6
➢Frequency 3223 MHz
➢Instruction set ARMv8.5-A
➢L2 cache8 MB
➢Process 5 nanometers
➢Transistor count 15 billion
➢TDP6 W
➢Graphics
➢GPU name Apple GPU
➢GPU frequency 1200 MHz
➢Execution units 5
➢Memory frequency 4266 MHz
➢Max bandwidth 42.7 Gbit/s
➢Max size8 GB
➢Neural processor (NPU) Neural Engine ➢Storage type
NVMe
➢Connectivity
➢4G support LTE Cat. 24
➢5G support Yes
➢Wi-Fi 6
➢Bluetooth 5.0 A4 Series, A5 Series, A6 Series, A7
Series,A8 Series,A9 Series,A10 Series,A11 Bionic
Series,A12 Bionic Series, A13 Bionic Series A15 Bionic
(Latest)
3. MediaTek Processors:
➢Architecture 1x 3 GHz – Cortex-A78
➢3x 2.6 GHz – Cortex-A78
➢4x 2 GHz – Cortex-A55
➢Cores 8
➢Frequency 3000 MHz
➢Instruction set ARMv8.2-A
➢Process 6 nanometers
➢TDP10 W
➢Graphics
➢GPU name Mali-G77 MC9
➢Architecture Valhall
➢GPU frequency 850 MHz
➢Memory
➢Memory type LPDDR4X
➢Memory frequency 4266 MHz
➢Bus 4x 16 Bit
➢Max size16 GB
➢Multimedia (ISP)
➢Neural processor (NPU) Yes
➢Storage type UFS 3.1
➢Connectivity
➢4G support LTE Cat. 19
➢5G support Yes
➢Download speed Up to 1600 Mbps
➢Upload speed Up to 150 Mbps
4. Exynos Processors:
➢Architecture 1x 2.8 GHz – Cortex-A78
➢3x 2.6 GHz – Cortex-A78
➢4x 2 GHz – Cortex-A55
➢Cores 8
➢Frequency 2800 MHz
➢Instruction set ARMv8.3-A
➢L3 cache4 MB
➢Process 5 nanometers
➢TDP 9 W
➢Graphics
➢GPU name Mali-G78 MP10
➢Architecture Valhall 2
➢GPU frequency 800 MHz
➢Memory
➢Memory type LPDDR5
➢Memory frequency 2750 MHz
➢Bus 4x 16 Bit
➢Max bandwidth 44 Gbit/s
➢Max size8 GB
➢Multimedia (ISP)
➢5G support Yes
➢Download speed Up to 1200 Mbps
➢Upload speed Up to 200 Mbps ➢Wi-Fi 6 ➢Bluetooth 5.2 Exynos
7 Dual, Exynos 7 Quad, Exynos 7 Octa, Exynos 8 Octa, Exynos 5
Series, Exynos 7 Series, Exynos 9 Series (Latest)
5. Kirin Processors :-
➢Architecture 1x 3.13 GHz – Cortex-A77
➢3x 2.54 GHz – Cortex-A77
➢4x 2.05 GHz – Cortex-A55
➢Cores 8
➢Frequency 3130 MHz
➢Instruction set ARMv8.2-A
➢Process 5 nanometers
➢Transistor count 15.3 billion
➢TDP 6 W
➢Graphics
➢GPU name Mali-G78 MP24
➢Architecture Valhall 2
➢Execution units 24
➢Memory
➢Memory type LPDDR5
➢Memory frequency 2750 MHz
➢Bus 4x 16 Bit
➢Max bandwidth 44 Gbit/s
➢Max size16 GB
➢Multimedia (ISP)
➢Video capture 4K at 60FPS
➢Video playback 4K at 60FPS
➢4G support LTE Cat. 24
➢5G support Yes
➢Wi-Fi 6