Argand Diagrams

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 Prior Knowledge Check
1) Write down the 3) For the triangle shown,
equation of the circle find the values of:
with centre (-3,6) and
radius 5
( 𝒙 +𝟑 )𝟐 + ( 𝒚 −𝟔 )𝟐=𝟐𝟓 a) b)
5cm
𝟔𝟕. 𝟒𝜃
2) Given and , find in
12cm 𝑥
the form :
𝟏𝟑
a) 𝟔 −𝟑 𝒊
b) 𝟐𝟏+𝟑 𝒊 4) Find the solutions of
the quadratic equation
c) 𝟑 𝟑
+ 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 ± 𝟐 𝒊 √𝟐
Teachings for
Exercise 2A
 Argand Diagrams
You can represent complex
numbers using an Argand diagram.

A grid where values for x and y can be

plotted is known as a Cartesian set of
axes (after Rene Descartes)

An Argand diagram is very similar, but

the x-axis represents real numbers and
the y-axis represents imaginary numbers.

These are named after Jean-Robert

Argand (1768–1822), although they were
first described by Norwegian-Danish land
surveyor and mathematician Caspar
Wessel

Complex numbers can be plotted on an

Argand diagram, by considering the
real and imaginary parts as coordinates

2A
 Argand Diagrams
y (Imaginary)
z1
5i
You can represent complex
numbers using an Argand
diagram. √29

Represent the following complex 5

numbers on an Argand diagram: z3 √17
1 2 x (Real)
𝑧 1 =2+5 𝑖 -5 4 3 5
4
𝑧 2=3 − 4 𝑖
5
𝑧 3=− 4 +𝑖
z2
-5i
Find the magnitude of |OA|, |OB|
and |OC|, where O is the origin of
the Argand diagram, and A, B |𝑂𝐴|= √2 2+ 52
and C are z1, z2 and z3
respectively
|𝑂𝐴|= √29 |𝑂𝐶|= √ 4 2 +12
|𝑂𝐵|=√ 32 + 4 2 |𝑂𝐶|= √17
 You can use Pythagoras’
Theorem to find the magnitude of |𝑂𝐵|=5
the distances
2A
 Argand Diagrams
You can represent complex y (Imaginary)
numbers using an Argand 10i
diagram.

𝑧 1 =4 +𝑖 𝑧 2=3+ 3 𝑖 z1+z2
z2
Show z1, z2 and z1 + z2 on an
Argand diagram z1
x (Real)
-10 10
𝑧1 + 𝑧 2
( 4+𝑖 )+(3 +3 𝑖)
¿ 7 +4 𝑖
-10i

Notice that vector z1 + z2 is effectively

the diagonal of a parallelogram

2A
 Argand Diagrams
y (Imaginary)
z1
5i
You can represent complex
numbers using an Argand z1-z2
diagram.
z2
𝑧 1 =2+5 𝑖 𝑧 2=4+ 2𝑖
Show z1, z2 and z1 - z2 on an x (Real)
Argand diagram -5 5

𝑧1 − 𝑧 2 -z2

( 2+5 𝑖 ) −( 4+ 2𝑖)
¿ − 2+3 𝑖 -5i

Vector z1 – z2 is still the diagram of a

parallelogram

 One side is z1 and the other side is –z2

(shown on the diagram)

2A
Teachings for
Exercise 2B
 Argand Diagrams
You can find the value of r, the
modulus of a complex number z, and
the value of θ, which is the argument
of z

The modulus of a complex number is its

magnitude – you have already seen how
to calculate it by using Pythagoras’
Theorem

 It is usually represented by the letter r

The argument of a complex number is the

angle it makes with the positive real axis

 The argument is usually measured in

radians
 It will be negative if the complex
number is plotted below the horizontal
axis

2B
 Argand Diagrams
You can find the value of r, the Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to find r
modulus of a complex number z,
and the value of θ, which is the
argument of z 𝑟 =√ 4 2 +5 2
Calculate
𝑟 =√ 41 Work out as a
Find, to two decimal places, the
modulus and argument of z = 4 + 5i 𝑟 =6.40(2 𝑑𝑝) decimal (if needed)
y (Imaginary) z
5i
Use Trigonometry to find arg z

𝑂
5 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
𝐴
Sub in
5 values
θ
x (Real)
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
-5 4 5
4 Calculate in
radians
𝜃=0.90 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠(2 𝑑𝑝)

-5i
2B
 Argand Diagrams
You can find the value of r, the Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to find r
modulus of a complex number z,
and the value of θ, which is the
argument of z 𝑟 = √ 22 + 4 2
Calculate
𝑟 =√ 20 Work out as a
Find, to two decimal places, the
modulus and argument of z = -2 + 4i 𝑟 =4.47(2 𝑑𝑝) decimal (if needed)
y (Imaginary)
5i
z
Use Trigonometry to find arg z

𝑂
4 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
𝐴
Sub in
4 values
θ 2.03
x (Real)
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
-5 2 5
2 Calculate in radians
𝜃=1.11𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 (2 𝑑𝑝) Subtract from π to find the
required angle (remember
𝜋 − 1.11=2.03𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 π radians = 180°)

arg 𝑧=2.03
-5i
2B
 Argand Diagrams
Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to find r
You can find the value of r, the

𝑟 =√ 32 + 32
modulus of a complex number z,
and the value of θ, which is the
argument of z Calculate
𝑟 =√ 18 Work out as a
Find, to two decimal places, the 𝑟 =4.24(2 𝑑𝑝) decimal (if needed)
modulus and argument of z = -3 - 3i
y (Imaginary)
5i Use Trigonometry to find arg z

𝑂
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
𝐴
Sub in
3 values
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
3
3 Calculate in
x (Real) radians
-5 θ 𝟑𝝅 5 𝜋
𝟒 𝜃= 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 (2 𝑑𝑝) Subtract from π to find the
3 4 required angle (remember
𝜋 3𝜋 π radians = 180°)
𝜋− = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
z
4 4 As the angle is below the
x-axis, its written as
3𝜋 negative
-5i
arg 𝑧 =−
4 2B
Teachings for
Exercise 2C
 Argand Diagrams
y (Imaginary)
You can find the modulus-argument
form of the complex number z z
Hyp
r rsinθ Opp
You have seen up to this point that a
complex number z will usually be
written in the form:
θ
x (Real)
𝑧=𝑥+ 𝑖𝑦 rcosθ

The modulus-argument form is an

Adj
alternative way of writing a complex
number, and it includes the modulus of
the number as well as its argument.

The modulus-argument form looks like By GCSE Trigonometry:

this:
O
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) S H
𝑂𝑝𝑝=𝐻𝑦𝑝×𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃¿ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
A
r is the modulus of the number C H
𝐴𝑑𝑗=𝐻𝑦𝑝× 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃¿ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
θ is the argument of the number
𝑧=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Factorise
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 2C
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

Argand Diagrams
y (Imaginary)

You can find the modulus-

argument form of the complex
number z
z1

Express the numbers following

numbers in the modulus argument √3
𝑧 1 =1+𝑖
form: 3√ 3
θ
θ
1
x (Real)

𝑧 2=−3 − 3 𝑖 3

(
𝑧 1 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 ) z2

Modulus for z1 Argument for z1

√ 1 +√ 3
2 2
𝑇𝑎 𝑛− 1 (1) √3
𝜋
¿2 ¿
3
𝑧 1 =𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 1 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 ) 2C
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

Argand Diagrams
y (Imaginary)

You can find the modulus-

argument form of the complex
number z
z1

Express the numbers following

numbers in the modulus argument √3
𝑧 1 =1+𝑖
form: 3√ 3
θ
θ
1
x (Real)

𝑧 2=−3 − 3 𝑖 3

(
𝑧 1 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 ) z2

( ( ) ( ))
𝑧 2=3 √ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
3𝜋
4
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
3𝜋
4 Modulus for z2 Argument for z2

√ 3 2 + 32 𝑇𝑎 𝑛− 1 ()
3
3
Remember the
angle you
¿ √ 18 𝜋
actually want!
3𝜋
¿ ¿−
¿ 3 √2 4 4
𝑧 2=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 2=3 √ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
( ( ) ( ))
3𝜋
4
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
3𝜋
4 2C
Teachings for
Exercise 2D
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) )

Argand Diagrams
You need to know how Multiplying a complex number z1 by another
multiplying and dividing affects complex number z2, both in the modulus-
both the modulus and argument
of the resulting complex number 𝑧 1 =𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛argument
𝜃1) 𝑧form
2=𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 )

𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =¿
𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ) ×𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 )
To be able to do this you need to be Rewrite
able to use the identities for sine 𝑟 1 𝑟( 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =¿ 2 𝜃 1 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 )( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 )
and cosine of two angles added or
subtracted Now you can expand the double bracket as you would with a
quadratic
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =¿
𝑟 1 (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 )
2

𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 ±𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =¿

𝑟1 𝑟
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 )

Group terms using the identities to the left

𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 ∓𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2  You can also factorise the ‘i’ out

2 2 𝑟1 𝑟
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =¿ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 + 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2) ) ( 𝜃 1+ 𝜃 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=1 2

So when multiplying two complex numbers in the modulus-

argument form:
 Multiply the moduli
 Add the arguments together
 The form of the answer is the same

2D
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧1 𝑟 1
= ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 1 − 𝜃2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) )
𝑧2 𝑟 2

Argand Diagrams
Dividing a complex number z1 by another
You need to know how complex number z2, both in the modulus-
multiplying and dividing affects
both the modulus and argument 𝑧 1 =𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛argument
𝜃1) 𝑧form
2=𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 )
of the resulting complex number
𝑧 1 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 )
=¿
𝑧 2 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 )
Multiply to cancel
To be able to do this you need to be terms on the
able to use the identities for sine 𝑧 1 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 ) ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 ) denominator
=¿ ×
and cosine of two angles added or 𝑧 2 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 ) ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 )
subtracted Multiply
𝑧 1 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 −𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 ) out
2

=¿
𝑧 2 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 −𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 ±𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 i2 = -1
𝑧 1 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 )
=¿
𝑧 2 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 ∓𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 Group
real and
𝑧1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑟 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑖2 )( 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
) 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 ) complex
2 2 =¿
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=1 𝑧2 𝑟 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2
𝜃2 )
Rewrite
terms
So when dividing two complex 𝑧1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 −
𝑟 1 2) (
𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃 1−
) 𝜃2 )
numbers in the modulus-argument =¿
form: 𝑧2 𝑟 2
Rewrite
 Divide the moduli (again!)
 Subtract the arguments
𝑧1 𝑟 1
=¿ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 −𝜃 2 ) )
 The form of the answer is the same 𝑧2 𝑟 2
2D
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧1 𝑟 1
= ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 1 − 𝜃2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) )
𝑧2 𝑟 2

Argand Diagrams
You need to know how
multiplying and dividing affects (
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠
5𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋
12 ) ( 𝜋
× 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
12
𝜋
12 ) Combine using one of
both the modulus and argument the rules above
of the resulting complex number  Multiply the moduli

( (
3 (4 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
5𝜋 𝜋
+
12 12 )
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
5𝜋 𝜋
+
12 12 ))  Add the arguments

Express the following calculation in Simplify

the form x + iy: terms
(
12 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
)
(
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠
5𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋
12
𝜋
) (
× 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
12
𝜋
12 ) 2 2
Calculate the cos and sin parts
(in terms of i where needed)
12 ( 0 +𝑖(1) )
Multiply out

¿ 12 𝑖

2D
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧1 𝑟 1
= ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 1 − 𝜃2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) )
𝑧2 𝑟 2

Argand Diagrams
You need to know how
multiplying and dividing affects (
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
15
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
) (
15
× 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝜋
5
− 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝜋
5 ) The cos and sin
terms must be
added for this to
both the modulus and argument
work!

) ( ( ) ( ))
of the resulting complex number
(
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
15
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
15
× 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
2𝜋
5
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
2𝜋
5
 Rewrite using the
rules you saw in 3A
Combine using
Express the following calculation in a rule from
the form x + iy:
( (
2(3) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋 2𝜋
−
15 5 )
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋 2𝜋
−
15 5 ( )) above

(
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
15
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
15 ) (
× 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝜋
5
− 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝜋
5 ) Simplify

( 3
(
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
𝜋
) 3 )
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − )
𝜋

Calculate the cos and

( ( ))
sin parts
+𝑖 − √
1 3
cos(-θ) = cosθ 6
2 2
Multiply out
sin(-θ) = -sinθ
¿3 − 3 √3 𝑖

2D
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧1 𝑟 1
= ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 1 − 𝜃2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) )
𝑧2 𝑟 2

Argand Diagrams
You need to know how
multiplying and dividing affects
(
√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
12 )
both the modulus and argument
of the resulting complex number
(
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
5𝜋
6
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋
6 ) Combine using one of the
rules above
 Divide the moduli

( ( ) ( ))
 Subtract the
√ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 − 5 𝜋 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 − 5 𝜋 arguments
Express the following calculation in 2 12 6 12 6
the form x + iy:
Simplify

(
𝜋 𝜋
)
( ( ) ( ))
√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 √ 2 3𝜋 3𝜋
12 12
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
2 4 4
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 5𝜋
6
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋
6 ) You can work out the
sin and cos parts
√
( √ ( √ ))
2
2 1
−
2
+𝑖 −
1
2
Multiply out
1 1
¿− − 𝑖
2 2

2D
Teachings for
Exercise 2E
 Argand Diagrams 𝒛 𝟐 =𝒙 𝟐 +𝒊𝒚 𝟐

Complex numbers can be used 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏

to represent Loci on a Argand 𝒛𝟐
Diagram

𝒛 𝟏 =𝒙 𝟏 +𝒊𝒚 𝟏
For two complex numbers, 𝒛𝟏
and , the value represents the
distance between the points and
on an Argand diagram

2E
 Argand Diagrams 𝒛 =𝒙 +𝒊𝒚

Complex numbers can be used | 1| 𝑧 − 𝑧 =𝑟

to represent Loci on a Argand The distance
Diagram between the fixed 𝒛 𝟏 =𝒙 𝟏 +𝒊𝒚 𝟏
point and the
variable point z, is a
For two complex numbers, constant value
and , the value represents the
distance between the points and
on an Argand diagram

Using the result above, we can

replace with the variable point .

It is really important for your understanding of

 The locus of points described by this topic that you recognize that the point
is a circle with centre and radius . represented by is variable

 The point represented by is fixed – you could

start questions by plotting it and then thinking
about where could be

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
Complex numbers can be used |𝑧 − 𝑧 1|=𝑟
Replace with the x and y
to represent Loci on a Argand notation eg)
Diagram |( 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 ) − ( 𝑥1 +𝑖𝑦 1 )|=𝑟
Rearrange to collect real
and imaginary terms
 The locus of points described by |( 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑖( 𝑦 − 𝑦 1 )|=𝑟
The modulus can be
is a circle with centre and radius . rewritten…
√(𝑥 − 𝑥 1
2 2
) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑦 1 ) =𝑟
Square both sides
 It is possible to show this rule
using algebra… ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 1 )2 + ( 𝑦 − 𝑦 1 )2=𝑟 2

 Remember the following for This is a circle with centre (x1,

calculating the modulus… y1) and radius r!

𝑧=𝑥+ 𝑖𝑦
If:

Then:|𝑧 |=|𝑥+ 𝑖𝑦|= √ 𝑥 + 𝑦

2 2

(By Pythagoras’ Theorem)

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
Complex numbers can be used
|𝑧 − 4|=5
to represent Loci on a Argand
Diagram
𝑧 1 =4 Radius = 5
Given that Centre = (4,0)

In words, ‘The distance of the variable point ,

a) Sketch the locus of z on an from the fixed point , is equal to 5’
Argand diagram 𝐼𝑚

b) Find the values of z that satisfy: 𝒛 =𝒙 +𝒊𝒚

i) and
𝑧1
(𝟒 ,𝟎)
𝑅𝑒
ii) and

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
𝐼𝑚
Complex numbers can be used
to represent Loci on a Argand 𝒛 =𝒙 +𝒊𝒚
Diagram

𝑧1
Given that (𝟒 ,𝟎)
𝑅𝑒

a) Sketch the locus of z on an

Argand diagram

b) Find the values of z that satisfy: The imaginary part needs to be equal
i) and to 0

𝑧 =−1 𝑧 =9  These must therefore lie on the real

axis only
ii) and
 Since the radius is 5, and the
centre is at (4,0) these will be
where:

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
𝐼𝑚
Complex numbers can be used
to represent Loci on a Argand 𝒛 =𝒙 +𝒊𝒚
Diagram

𝑧1
Given that (𝟒 ,𝟎)
𝑅𝑒

a) Sketch the locus of z on an

Argand diagram

b) Find the values of z that satisfy: The real part needs to be equal to 0
i) and  These must therefore lie on the
𝑧 =−1 𝑧 =9 imaginary axis only

ii) and  We can use the equation of the

circle to find these…

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
𝐼𝑚
Complex numbers can be used
to represent Loci on a Argand 𝒛 =𝒙 +𝒊𝒚
Diagram
𝟑
𝑧1
Given that (𝟒 ,𝟎)
𝑅𝑒
−𝟑

a) Sketch the locus of z on an

Argand diagram

( 𝑥 − 4 )2 + 𝑦 2 =25
b) Find the values of z that satisfy: Sub in x = 0
2 2
i) and ( − 4 ) + 𝑦 =25
Calculate
𝑧 =−1 𝑧 =9 2
1 6+ 𝑦 = 25
Subtract 16
ii) and 2
𝑦 =9
𝑧=3 𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑧=− 3 𝑖 𝑦 =± 3
Square root

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
Im

Complex numbers can be used

to represent Loci on a Argand P(x,y)
Diagram

(5,3)
If:
|𝑧 − 5 −3 𝑖|=3
Re

Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is

represented by z on an Argand
diagram
|𝑧 − 5 −3 𝑖|=3
|𝑧 −(5 +3 𝑖)|=3
So we want the locus
Leave z as it is Put this part in a where the distance This will be a circle
– this is the bracket between the variable of radius 3 units,
variable point - This is the fixed
point point z and the fixed centre (5,3)
point (5,3) is equal to
3
2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
Im

Complex numbers can be used

to represent Loci on a Argand P(x,y)
Diagram

(5,3)
If:
3
|𝑧 − 5 −3 𝑖|=3 𝜃 Re
5

Find the maximum value of argz in

the interval (-π,π)

 Sketch this on the diagram

 We can use the ‘tangents to a

circle’ rule
𝑡𝑎𝑛− 1 ( 35 ) Calculate
¿ 0.54 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Double
 We can then find the angle in the
lower triangle, and double it! ¿ 1.08 𝑟𝑎𝑑

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
Complex numbers can be used
to represent Loci on a Argand
Diagram
|𝑧 − 5 −3 𝑖|=3 Replace z with
‘x + iy’
If: |𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −5 −3 𝑖|=3
|𝑧 − 5 −3 𝑖|=3 Group the real
and imaginary
|( 𝑥 − 5 ) +𝑖( 𝑦 −3)|=3 terms
Use the rule above
Use an algebraic method to find a to remove the
Cartesian equation of the locus of z √ ( 𝑥 −5 ) + ( 𝑦 −3 ) =3
2 2
modulus

Square both sides

2 2
( 𝑥 −5) + ( 𝑦 −3 ) =9

You (hopefully) recognise that this

is the equation of a circle, radius 3
and with centre (5,3)!

2E
 The locus of points
described by is a circle
with centre and radius .

Argand Diagrams
y

Complex numbers can be used

to represent Loci on a Argand
Diagram

3
Given that the complex number
z = x + iy satisfies the equation: 3
|𝑧 − 12− 5 𝑖|=3 (12,5
)
|𝑧 −(12+5 𝑖)|=3 13
Find the minimum and maximum
values of |z|
x
 The smallest and largest values for |z| will be on the same straight
 Start by drawing this on an line through the circle’s centre
Argand diagram
 You can mark the size of the radius on the diagram

 Find the distance from (0,0) to (12,5), then add/subtract 3 to find

 It is a circle, centre (12,5) radius the largest and smallest values
3 units
√ 52 +12¿2 13
 So the largest value of |z| will be 16 and the smallest will be 10

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers to |𝑧 | This is the distance of the variable
point P(x,y) from the origin (0,0)
represent a locus of points on an
Argand diagram
|𝑧 − 6 𝑖| This is the distance of the variable
point P(x,y) from the fixed point
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is |𝑧 −(6 𝑖)| (0,6)
represented by z on an Argand Im
diagram, if:
|𝑧 |=|𝑧 − 6 𝑖|
(0,6)

 We therefore need the set of

points that are the same distance y=3
from (0,0) and (0,6)

Re
(0,0)
 This will be the bisector of the line
joining the two co-ordinates

 You can see that it is the

equivalent of the line with
equation y = 3 (z = 3i)

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points |𝑧 |=|𝑧 − 6 𝑖|
on an Argand diagram Replace z with x + iy
|𝑥 +𝑖𝑦|=|𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −6 𝑖| Factorise the ‘i’
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is terms on the right
represented by z on an Argand |𝑥 +𝑖𝑦|=|𝑥 +𝑖( 𝑦 − 6)| side
diagram, if: Use the rule for moduli (to
remove the moduli!)
|𝑧 |=|𝑧 − 6 𝑖| √ 𝑥 2+ 𝑦¿
2
√ 𝑥 + ( 𝑦 −6 )
2 2

Square both
2 2 2 2 sides
 Show that the locus is y = 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑥 + ( 𝑦 − 6 )
Expand the bracket
using an algebraic method
2 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑥 + 𝑦 −12 𝑦 +36
Simplify
0=− 12 𝑦 +36
Add
12 𝑦 =36 12y
Divide by
𝑦 =3 12

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points |𝑧 − 3|=|𝑧 +𝑖|
on an Argand diagram Replace z with x + iy

|𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −3|=| 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖|

Group real and
a) Use an algebraic method to find imaginary
the Cartesian equation of the |( 𝑥 − 3 ) +𝑖𝑦|=| 𝑥+𝑖 ( 𝑦 +1)| parts
locus of z if: Use the rule for

|𝑧 − 3|=|𝑧 +𝑖| √ ( 𝑥 −3 ) + 𝑦 =√ 𝑥 + ( 𝑦 +1 )
2 2 2 2 moduli (to remove
the moduli!)
Square both sides
𝒚 =−𝟑 𝒙+𝟒 ( 𝑥 −3 )2 + 𝑦 2=𝑥 2+ ( 𝑦 +1 )2
Expand brackets
𝑥 −6 𝑥 +9+ 𝑦¿𝑥 + 𝑦 +2 𝑦 + 1
2 2 2 2

b) Represent the locus of z on a Simplify

cartesian set of axes −6 𝑥 +9=2 𝑦 +1
Subtract 1
−6 𝑥 +8=2 𝑦
Divide by 2
−3 𝑥 + 4=𝑦

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points y
on an Argand diagram
(0,4)

a) Use an algebraic method to find

the Cartesian equation of the
locus of z if:
|𝑧 − 3|=|𝑧 +𝑖|
𝒚 =−𝟑 𝒙+𝟒 x
(3,0)

(0,-1)
b) Represent the locus of z on a
cartesian set of axes

|𝑧 − 3|=|𝑧 +𝑖|
y = -3x + 4
Distance of the Distance of the
variable point z from variable point x from
the fixed point (3,0) the fixed point (0,-1)

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points 𝑧
on an Argand diagram The line is not
extended back
downwards
If:
𝜋  It is known as a ‘half-
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =
4 line’
𝝅
𝟒 x
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is
represented by z on an Argand
diagram. Then find the Cartesian Think about what this
equation of this locus algebraically. means

‘The angle of the variable

 The locus will be the set of points point z, from the fixed
which start at (0,0) and make an point (0,0) is equal to
argument of π/4 with the positive x- radians’
axis
 The point is (0,0) since
there is no fixed point
stated

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points
on an Argand diagram y
𝝅
𝟒 x
If: x
𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =
4
𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is 4
represented by z on an Argand Replace z with ‘x + iy’
diagram. Then find the Cartesian 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 )=
equation of this locus algebraically. 4 The value of the
argument is
𝑇𝑎 𝑛
−1
( 𝑦𝑥 )= 𝜋4 tan-1(opposite/adjacent)
 The locus will be the set of points ‘Normal tan’
which start at (0,0) and make an
argument of π/4 with the positive x-
𝑦
𝑥
=𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝜋
4
axis Calculate the tan
𝑦 part
=1
𝑥
Multiply by x
𝑦 =𝑥 (x > 0)

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points
on an Argand diagram
𝝅
(2,0) 𝟑 x
If:
𝜋
arg ⁡( 𝑧 − 2)=
3

Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is

represented by z on an Argand
diagram. Then find the Cartesian Think about what this
equation of this locus algebraically. means

‘The angle of the variable

 The locus will be the set of point z, from the fixed
values that, when we subtract 2 point (2,0) is equal to
from them, make an angle of π/3 radians’
with the origin

 The locus must therefore start at

(2,0) rather than (0,0)!
2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points
y
on an Argand diagram
𝝅
(2,0) 𝟑 x
If: x-2
𝜋
arg ⁡( 𝑧 − 2)=
3
𝜋
arg ⁡( 𝑧 − 2)=
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is 3
represented by z on an Argand Replace z with ‘x + iy’
𝜋
diagram. Then find the Cartesian 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 −2)=
3 The value of the
equation of this locus algebraically.
argument is
𝑇𝑎 𝑛
−1
( 𝑥 𝑦− 2 )= 𝜋3 tan-1(opposite/adjacent)
‘Normal tan’
 The locus will be the set of
values that, when we subtract 2
from them, make an angle of π/3
𝑦
𝑥 −2
=𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝜋
3
Calculate the tan
with the origin 𝑦 part
= √3
𝑥 −2
Multiply by (x – 2)
 The locus must therefore start at 𝑦 =√ 3 𝑥 − 2 √ 3 (x > 2)
(2,0) rather than (0,0)!
2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points
on an Argand diagram

x
𝟑𝝅
If:
𝟒
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ⁡( 𝑧 +3+ 2𝑖)= (-3,-2)
4
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ⁡(𝑧 −(− 3 −2 𝑖))=
4
Sketch the locus of z on an Argand
diagram and use an algebraic
method to find the equation of the Think about what this
line. means

‘The angle of the variable

 Start by writing the argument as point z, from the fixed
a subtraction… point (-3,-2) is equal to
radians’

 So the line will have to start at

(-3,-2)

2E
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers

to represent a locus of points
on an Argand diagram
y+2
x
𝟑𝝅
If:
𝟒
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ⁡( 𝑧 +3+ 2𝑖)= x + 3 (-3,-2)
4
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ⁡(𝑧 −(− 3 −2 𝑖))= 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ⁡( 𝑧 +3+ 2𝑖)=
4 4
Replace z with ‘x + iy’
Sketch the locus of z on an Argand 3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 +3 +2 𝑖)=
diagram and use an algebraic 4 The value of the
method to find the equation of the argument is
line. 𝑇𝑎 𝑛
−1
( )
𝑦 +2 3 𝜋
𝑥+ 3
=
4
tan-1(opposite/adjacent)
‘Normal tan’

 Start by writing the argument as

a subtraction…
𝑦 +2
𝑥+ 3
=𝑇𝑎𝑛
3𝜋
4 ( ) Calculate the tan
𝑦 +2 part
=−1
𝑥+ 3
Multiply by (x + 3)
 So the line will have to start at 𝑦 +2=− 𝑥 −3
(-3,-2) Subtract 2 (x < -3)
𝑦 =− 𝑥 − 5
2E
Teachings for
Exercise 2F
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers to

represent regions on a Argand
diagram

(4,2)
This is very similar to what you have
been doing with loci

x
The only extra part is that once you
have drawn the locus representing
the point, you need to indicate the
area required

|𝑧 − 4 −2 𝑖|≤ 2
Shade on an Argand diagram the
region indicated by: The region we want is where the absolute value of z
is less than 2

 This will be the region inside the circle

 Start with a circle, centre (4,2) and
radius 2 units (as 2 is the ‘limit’)

2F
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers to

represent regions on a Argand
diagram

This is very similar to what you have

been doing with loci

The only extra part is that once you (4,0) (6,0) x

have drawn the locus representing the
point, you need to indicate the area
required

Shade on an Argand diagram the

| ||
𝑧 − 4indicated
region < 𝑧 −6by:|
|𝑧 − 4|<| 𝑧 −6|
The distance to |z – 4| must be less than the
distance to |z – 6|
 Start with the perpendicular bisector
between (4,0) and (6,0) as this is the
 Shade the region closest to (4,0)
‘limit’

2F
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers to

represent regions on a Argand
diagram
𝝅
𝟒
This is very similar to what you have
been doing with loci (2,2)

x
The only extra part is that once you
have drawn the locus representing
the point, you need to indicate the
area required

Shade on an Argand diagram 𝜋 the

𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( indicated
0 ≤region )≤
𝑧 −2 −2 𝑖by: The argument must be between these two
4
values

 Shade the region between the two arguments

 Start by drawing the limits of the
argument from the point (2,2)

2F
 The locus of points The locus of points
described by is a circle described by is the
with centre and radius . perpendicular bisector of

Argand Diagrams the line segment joining

and

You can use complex numbers to

represent regions on a Argand
diagram

This is very similar to what you have

been doing with loci

x
The only extra part is that once you
have drawn the locus representing the
point, you need to indicate the area
required

Shade on an Argand diagram the

|
region |
𝑧 − 4indicated
−2 𝑖 ≤ 2by: Imagine all the regions were on the same
|𝑧 − 4|<| 𝑧 −6| diagram

 The region we want will have to satisfy all of

𝜋 these at the same time!
0 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( 𝑧 −2 −2 𝑖 ) ≤
and
4

2F