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Os Diskk Formatting

The document discusses disk management, focusing on the importance of formatting disks for data storage, which includes low-level and logical formatting processes. It explains the booting process involving the bootstrap loader and the full bootstrap program, as well as the identification of boot partitions. Additionally, it addresses the issue of bad blocks on disks and methods for managing defective sectors.

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sanjanapippari2005
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16 views8 pages

Os Diskk Formatting

The document discusses disk management, focusing on the importance of formatting disks for data storage, which includes low-level and logical formatting processes. It explains the booting process involving the bootstrap loader and the full bootstrap program, as well as the identification of boot partitions. Additionally, it addresses the issue of bad blocks on disks and methods for managing defective sectors.

Uploaded by

sanjanapippari2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Disk Management:

BY:

SANJANA PIPPARI (22251A05J0)


Disk Management:
• Why Format Disks?

• Before a disk can store data, it must be prepared so that the disk controller can read and write
data. This preparation process is called disk formatting.
• Ways to Format Disks:
• Low-Level Formatting (Physical Formatting)
• Logical Formatting (Creation of a File System):
Low Level Formatting:
• Before a disk can store data, it must be divided into sectors.
• This process is called low-level formatting or physical formatting.
• Low-level formatting creates a structure for each sector.
• Each sector has a header, a data area (usually 512 bytes), and a trailer.
• The header and trailer contain information like sector number and ECC.
• ECC (Error-Correcting Code) helps detect and correct data errors.
• Most hard disks are low-level-formatted at the factory.
• This formatting allows the manufacturer to test and initialize the disk.
Logical Formatting:
• The OS partitions the disk into groups of cylinders.
• Each partition can be treated as a separate disk.
• Logical formatting creates a file system on the disk.
• Stores file system data structures like free space maps and directories.
Boot Block:
• When a computer starts or
reboots, it runs an initial
bootstrap program.
• This simple program initializes system components and starts the OS.
• The bootstrap program is stored in read-only memory (ROM).

• ROM is
convenient and
secure, but hard
to update.
• To update easily, a small bootstrap loader in ROM loads a full bootstrap from disk.
• The full bootstrap program is stored in fixed "boot blocks" on the disk.
• The boot ROM instructs the disk controller to load the boot blocks into memory.
• This full bootstrap can load the entire OS from any location on disk.
• In Windows, the boot code is in the master boot record (MBR) on the hard disk.
• The MBR also contains a partition table and flags for booting.
Booting from Disk: The Initial Spark
1 Bootstrap Loader
When a computer is powered on or rebooted, it requires an initial program to run, called the
bootstrap loader. This simple program is typically stored in read-only memory (ROM) and is
responsible for loading the full bootstrap program from the disk's boot blocks.

2 Full Bootstrap Program


The full bootstrap program is more sophisticated, able to load the entire operating system
from a non-fixed location on the disk and start its execution. In Windows, the bootstrap
process begins by reading the master boot record (MBR) from the first sector of the disk,
which contains boot code and a partition table.

3 Boot Partition Identification


After identifying the boot partition, the system reads the first sector from that partition,
known as the boot sector, and continues the boot process, including loading various
subsystems and system services.
Bad Blocks:
• Disks can fail due to their moving parts and small tolerances.
• Complete failure requires disk replacement and data restoration from backups.
• More commonly, individual sectors become defective, known as bad blocks.
• Simple disks handle bad blocks manually by marking them during formatting.
• Sophisticated disks use a controller that maintains and updates a list of bad blocks.
• The controller replaces bad sectors with spare sectors, a method called sector sparing.
• Sector slipping is another method where sectors are shifted to use available space.
• Bad-block recovery can result in data loss, requiring manual data repair or restoration.
Thank You !

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