WELCOME

To

Institute of Health Technology

Rajshahi
Afroze
Mahmud
Guest Teacher
Computer Science
IHT, Rajshahi
 Chapter-2 Basic Computer Organization and Design

2.1 Organization of computer:

A computer in its coplest form comprises five functional units
namely input unit, output unit memory unit, arithmetic/logic
unit and control unit. Figure 2,2 depicts the functional units of
computer system.
i. Input Unit: Computer accepts encoded information through input unit. The
standard input device is a keyboard. Whenever a key is pressed, keyboard
controller sends the code to CPU/Memory. Examples include Mouse, Joystick,
Tracker ball, Light pen, Digitizer, Scanne etc.
ii. Memory Unit: Memory unit stores the program instructions (Code), data and
results of computations etc. Memory unit is classified as: Primary Memory
Secondary memory.
iii. Arithmetic and logic unit: ALU consist of necessary logic circuits like adder,
comparator etc to perform operations of addition, multiplication, comparison of
two numbers etc.
iv. Output Unit: Computer after computation returns the computed results, error
messages etc. via output unit. The standard output device is a video monitor,
LCD monitor. Other output devices are printers, plotters etc.
v. Control Unit: Control unit co-ordinates activities of all units by issuing
control signals. Control signals issued by control unit govern the data transfers
and then appropriate operations take place. Control unit interprets or decides the
operation/action to be performed.
2.2 Block Diagram of Computer System:
 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The central processing unit (CPU) or processor

is the unit which performs most of the
processing inside a computer. It processes all
instructions received by software running on
the PC and by other hardware components and
acts as a powerful calculator.
The CPU is placed into a specific square-
shaped socket found on all motherboards by
inserting its metallic connectors or pins found
on the underside. Each socket is built with a
specific pin layout ta support only a specific
type of processor.
Since modern CPUs produce a lot of heat and are prone to overheating, they must
be kept cool with appropriate fans or ventilation systems, and covered with heat
sinks and thermal paste. The central processing unit (CPU) has two components
 i. Control Unit: A control unit or CU is circuitry that directs operations
within a computer's processor. It lets the computer's logic unit, memory and
both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received
from a program. Examples of devices that utilize control units include CPUs
and GPUs.
ii. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): An arithmetic-logic unit is the part of a
central processing unit that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the
operands in computer instructionword In some processors, the ALU is
divided into two units: an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU). Some
processors contain more than one AU-for example one for fixed-point
operations and another for floating-point operations.
2.4 Function of CPU:
The function of CPU in 4
Steps:
1. The CPU receives the data when
the computer inputs the data
through input devices such as
keyboard or mouse.
 2. After this, the CPU process these input data by performing calculations and
technical algorithms .
3. And then CPU provides the processed data through output devices such as
on the monitor scren.
4. The CPU also stores the process data in the form of a cache for future use.

2.5 Difference between ALU and CPU:

Name ALU CPU
Expanded Arithmetic Logic Unit. Central Processing Unit.
version
Function Carries out basic arithmetic operations, Carries out more complicated
example, addition, subtraction, functions of interpreting data and
multiplication etc. carrying out commands.
Designation Performs applications related to Is responsible for carrying out
mathematics and human reasoning. instructions and functions on a
timely basis.
Component Sub-part of the CPU. Central Unit of the Computer.
Known as The heart of the computer. The brain of the computer.
2.6 Processor:

Processor is known as "Microprocessor" and it likes as small type of chip that is

placed in the computer, who woher and it likes or en manage all created by
arithmetical, logical, input/output (LO) and other sic instructions, which are
created by or operating system. Its main job for and other has un from input
devices and then produce accurately testompin job role is to obtain input fre
advance processors are available in market, which are capable to control trillions
of instructions in per second.

➤ Function of Processor: The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling

and input /output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program.
This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry
and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs).
2.7 Discuss the information processing cycle of computer:
Four phases of the cycle to process information:
i. Input: Computer receives data and instructions by input device.
ii. Process: Computer applies instructions to data to produce information
(organized Data).
iii. Storage: Saving the information for a subsequent use or use in future.
iv. Output: Computer sends information to people in a usable format by output
device.
 Q. Exercise-2

1. What is computer organization? Describe it. Or, describe the

units of computer system.
2. Draw the block diagram of a computer.

3. What do you mean by CPU? Or, Describe about the CPU of a

computer?
4. What are the functions of CPU?
5. Difference between CPU & ALU.
6. What is ALU?
7. What is the component of computer system?
8. Define processor? Write down the function of processor.
9. Discuss the process of information cycle.