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Advanced Materials Lecture 2 2020

The document discusses imperfections in solids, detailing the solidification mechanisms and types of defects that can arise, such as vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations. It emphasizes the significance of these imperfections in affecting material properties and their potential to be controlled. Additionally, it covers the impact of impurities on solid solutions and the methods for measuring defect concentrations and activation energy.

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13 views12 pages

Advanced Materials Lecture 2 2020

The document discusses imperfections in solids, detailing the solidification mechanisms and types of defects that can arise, such as vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations. It emphasizes the significance of these imperfections in affecting material properties and their potential to be controlled. Additionally, it covers the impact of impurities on solid solutions and the methods for measuring defect concentrations and activation energy.

Uploaded by

sully jebs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Materials

Lecture 2: Imperfections in Solids


Chapter 4:
Imperfections in Solids
• What are the solidification mechanisms?

• What types of defects arise in solids?

• Can the number and type of defects be varied


and controlled?

• How do defects affect material properties?

• Are defects undesirable?

2
Imperfections in Solids
• Solidification- result of casting of molten material
– 2 steps
• Nuclei form
• Nuclei grow to form crystals – grain structure
• Start with a molten material – all liquid

nuclei crystals growing grain structure


liquid Adapted from Fig. 4.14(b), Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

• Crystals grow until they meet each other

3
Polycrystalline Materials
Grain Boundaries
• regions between crystals
• transition from lattice of one
region to that of the other
• slightly disordered
• low density in grain
boundaries
– high mobility
– high diffusivity
– high chemical reactivity

Adapted from Fig. 4.7,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
4
Imperfections in Solids
There is no such thing as a perfect crystal.

• What are these imperfections?


• Why are they important?

Many of the important properties of


materials are due to the presence of
imperfections.

5
Types of Imperfections
• Vacancy atoms
• Interstitial atoms Point defects
• Substitutional atoms

• Dislocations Line defects

• Grain Boundaries Area defects

6
Point Defects in Metals
• Vacancies:
-vacant atomic sites in a structure.

Vacancy
distortion
of planes

• Self-Interstitials:
-"extra" atoms positioned between atomic sites.

self-
interstitial
distortion
of planes

7
Equilibrium Concentration:
Point Defects
• Equilibrium concentration varies with temperature!

No. of defects Activation energy

Nv  Q v 
No. of potential  exp  
defect sites N  kT  Temperature
Boltzmann's constant
-23
(1.38 x 10 J/atom-K)
-5
(8.62 x 10 eV/atom-K)
Each lattice site
is a potential
vacancy site
Arrhenius Equation
8
Measuring Activation Energy
• We can get Qv from Nv  Q v 
an experiment.
= exp 
 
N  kT 
• Measure this... • Replot it...

Nv Nv slope
ln
N N
-Qv /k
exponential
dependence!

T
1/T
defect concentration
9
Estimating Vacancy
Concentration
• Find the equil. # of vacancies in 1 m3 of Cu at 1000C.
• Given:
 = 8.4 g/cm 3 A Cu = 63.5 g/mol
Qv = 0.9 eV/atom NA = 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol
0.9 eV/atom
Nv   Q 

 v 
exp = 2.7 x 10
-4
N  kT 
1273 K
8.62 x 10-5 eV/atom-K
NA
For 1 m , N =  x
3 x 1 m3 = 8.0 x 1028 sites
A Cu
• Answer:
Nv = (2.7 x 10-4)(8.0 x 1028) sites = 2.2 x 1025 vacancies
10
Imperfections in Metals (i)
Two outcomes if impurity (B) added to host (A):
• Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random dist. of point defects)

OR

Substitutional solid soln. Interstitial solid soln.


(e.g., Cu in Ni) (e.g., C in Fe)
• Solid solution of B in A plus particles of a new
phase (usually for a larger amount of B)
Second phase particle
-- different composition
-- often different structure.

11
Impurities in Solids
• Specification of composition
m1
– weight percent C1  x 100
m1  m2
m1 = mass of component 1

' n m1
– atom percent C 
1 x 100
n m1  n m 2

nm1 = number of moles of component 1

12

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