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Lecture 03

The document discusses various types of projections used in engineering drawing, focusing on orthographic and isometric projections. It explains the differences between pictorial and orthographic projections, detailing their purposes, features, and applications. Additionally, it compares isometric views to orthographic views in terms of dimensions and understanding for different audiences.

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Saad Ahmad
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11 views8 pages

Lecture 03

The document discusses various types of projections used in engineering drawing, focusing on orthographic and isometric projections. It explains the differences between pictorial and orthographic projections, detailing their purposes, features, and applications. Additionally, it compares isometric views to orthographic views in terms of dimensions and understanding for different audiences.

Uploaded by

Saad Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Projections,

Orthographic Projections,
Isometric vs. Orthographic
Views

Lecture 03
Engr. M. Ahmad Javaid
Department of Civil Engineering,
International Islamic University, Islamabad
 Introduction to Projection
in Engineering Drawing
Projection in engineering drawing is a method to represent a 3D object on
a 2D surface using lines of sight. It is fundamental to communicate
technical details of design and construction.
•Purpose: Convey the shape, size, and structure of components.

Two Main Categories:


• Pictorial Projections – realistic, 3D-like appearance.
• Orthographic Projections – technical, multi-view, 2D representation.
 Types of Projections
1. Perspective Projection
A realistic method where projection lines converge at a vanishing point
and Used in architecture and design visualizations. Objects appear
smaller as they get farther from the observer.

Example: Railway tracks appearing to meet at the horizon.


2. Parallel Projection
Lines of sight are parallel and project onto the plane.
Orthographic Projection
• 2D views of the object from the front, top, and side.
• Shows true dimensions.
Example: Front, top, and side view of an L-shaped bracket.
Axonometric Projection
• Used to create 3D views without perspective distortion.
• Isometric: All axes inclined at 120°
• Dimetric: Two axes equally inclined
• Trimetric: All axes at different inclinations
Example: Isometric cube where all sides appear equally foreshortened.
3. Oblique Projection
• One face is parallel to the projection plane.
• Depth lines are drawn at 45°.
Example: A rectangular prism where depth lines are slanted but front face is
true shape.
 Orthographic Projection
A method of projection where multiple 2D views are created using lines that
are
perpendicular to the projection plane.
➤ Projection Planes:
•VP (Vertical Plane) – Front View
•HP (Horizontal Plane) – Top View
•PP (Profile Plane) – Side View
➤ First Angle vs. Third Angle Projection : In first angle, if you're looking at
the object from the top, you place the top view below the front view.

Feature First Angle Third Angle


View Placement Top view below front Top view above front

Side View Left of front Right of front

Used In Europe, Asia (India, USA, Canada


Pakistan)
 Isometric Projection
• An isometric projection is a pictorial representation of an object
where the three axes (X, Y, Z) are inclined equally at 120°.
• All edges are equally foreshortened.
• True dimensions are scaled uniformly.
• Helpful in visualizing the overall shape of an object.
Example: A cube drawn with all sides at 30° to the horizontal gives an
isometric view showing all three visible faces.
 Isometric vs. Orthographic
Views
Aspect Isometric View Orthographic View
Type 3D single view 2D multiple views
Dimensions Foreshortened True scale
Understanding Easy for non-technical Accurate for
professionals
Use Visual communication Manufacturing and
fabrication

Example: For an object with a hole in the top:


• Isometric: Shows the 3D shape with hole placement.
• Orthographic: Top view shows the circle (hole), front view may use hidden
lines.

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