WELCOME TO SCIENCE

CLASS
STANDANRD VIII
BOOKS FOR SCIENCE

 Science Text Book – NCERT Science Textbook for Class VIII

 Jotter book – 1 note book (ruled)
 Class work – 3 note books
1. Physics (ruled)
2. Chemistry (ruled)
3. Biology (interleaved)
 Science Record – 1 record book (interleaved)
 Activity book – 1 note book (ruled)
Things to follow

 Put brown wrapper to the text book

 Name the 3 classwork notebooks as Physics CW, Chemistry CW and Biology CW.
 Make the content page at the beginning of the class work. Leave the first page. You can
start from second page.
 Content page should have following columns Sl. Date Topic Page Teacher’s
No. No sign

 Number the pages at the top right hand corner of each page.
 Name one ruled notebook as Science Activity Book.
 Put brown wrapper for the record book and name it as Science Record Book.
 Classwork maintenance
 Classwork carry marks.
 Classwork has to be up to date and should be submitted on time.
 Classwork has to be maintained very neatly.
 Diagrams have to be drawn on the left side (plain sheet) in Biology CW.
 Outline borders have to be put before drawing the diagrams.
 Only pencil has to be used for drawing and labelling the diagram.
 Colours cannot be used in the diagram.
 Blue ink pen / gel pen has to be used for written work.
 Questions are given at the end of the chapter which has to be answered by the students in
the classwork. They can take the help of presentation as well as the text book to answer the
questions.
 Chapter 1 – Force and Pressure
We will learn about -

Force F=mxa Pressure

P=F/A
• Definition • Distance • Definition
• Displacement • Pressure exerted • Numericals
• Resultant Force
• Effects of force • Speed and Velocity by liquids
• • Mass and Weight • Atmospheric
Types of force
• • Acceleration pressure
Experiments
• Numericals • Experiments
Force – A force is a push
or pull which can cause
a change in position,
speed, direction of
movement or shape of
the body it is acting on.
Definition of force
Definition of Force

Force Examples
 A force is a push or a pull  Tug of war
acting on an object which  Piercing a pin on the pin board
brings about a change in
the state of rest or uniform  Closing a drawer
motion or changes its  Plucking a nail off the wall
direction or shape
Examples for force

Activity 11.1
SI unit of Force
 A physical quantity is a quantity which can be measured. Eg: Length, Time,
Mass.
 A physical quantity has both magnitude and unit. Eg: Length of a scale is 15 cm.
 Different units of measurement – CGS (Centimeter, Gram, Second), FPS (Foot,
Pound, Second), MKS (Metre, Kilogram, Second), SI system.
 The International System Of Units (SI) is the metric system that is used
universally as a standard for measurements. It is an abbreviation of the French
word Système International.
 SI unit of Force is Newton denoted by “N”.
 A significant number of SI units have been named in honor of individuals who
did ground-breaking work in science.
 Other units of force – Kilogram force, gram force.
 Force is measured using a spring balance.
 Distance – The actual length of a path covered by a body.
 Displacement – The shortest distance covered by a moving body between two points in a
specific direction.
 Speed – Distance covered by a body in unit time. S=D/T, V=S/T, V=M/S (unit) or ms-‫י‬.
 Velocity – Displacement of a body in unit time. V=D/T, V=S/T=M/S (unit).
 F = ma, Newton’s second law of motion means the force (F) acting on an object is equal to
mass (m) of an object times its acceleration (a). The more mass an object has, the more force
you need to accelerate it.
 1Kgf = 9.807 newtons.
 1 newton – 0.101972 kgf
 1gf = 981dyne (dyne – force required to accelerate a mass of 1gram at a rate of 1cm/sec2)
Effects of Force on an object

 Force can make an object to move from rest.

 Force can stop a moving object.
 Force can change the speed of an object if it is moving.
 Force can change the direction of a motion of an object.
 Force can change the shape of an object.

Force may cause one or more of these effects.

Effects of force

Activity 11.5
Scalar and Vector quantities

A scalar quantity has only A vector quantity has both

magnitude. magnitude and direction.
Eg: Distance, speed, time Eg: Displacement, velocity,
force

Force is a vector quantity. It is represented by an

arrow on the top of “F”.
Net Force / Resultant Force

A net force or resultant force is the

sum of all forces acting on a body.
Gravity pulls the book downward with
a force of 20 Newtons. The table
pushes upward on the book with the
same amount of force. The combined
force, or net force, acting on the book
is 0. That’s because upward and
downward forces are balanced, so they
cancel out.
 Net Force / Resultant Force
a) If two forces act on a body in the same direction, the net force is
the sum of the two forces.
F1
F2

Net force = F1 + F2
b) If two forces act on a body in opposite directions, the net force is the
difference between the two forces.
F1 F2

Net force = F2 – F1
Net Force / Resultant Force

Look at the dogs playing tug-of-war in

the Figure. The dogs are pulling the
rope in opposite directions, but one
dog is pulling with more force than
the other. The net force acting on the
rope is 2 Newtons to the right, so the
rope will move to the right.
Net Force / Resultant Force

Q. The boys in the Figure are

about to kick the football in
opposite directions. What will be
the net force on the ball? In which
direction will the ball move?
A: The net force on the ball will be
50 N to the left (125 N – 75 N = 50
N), so the ball will move to the
left.
 Net Force / Resultant Force

In the Figure, after the woman picks up

the couch, she will push the couch to the
right with a force of 25 Newtons, and the
man on the right will pull the couch to
the right with a force of 20 Newtons. The
net force on the couch is 45 Newtons to
the right, so that’s the way the couch will
move.
 Net Force / Resultant Force

For each of the following, calculate the net force acting on the object
i) 9N Resultant force = 9N + 3N = 12 N
3N Body moves towards left

ii) Resultant force = 9N - 3N = 6 N

3N 9N
Body moves towards right
 Net Force / Resultant Force

For each of the following, calculate the net force acting on the object
iii) 5N Resultant force = 10N – (5N+2N) = 3N
10N
2N Body moves towards right

iv) Resultant force = 4N - 4N = 0

4N 4N
Body does not move
Types of forces – There are two main types of forces. They are:
CONTACT FORCE and NON-CONTACT FORCE.
Contact force is the force which can be applied only when an object is in
contact with another object. Contact forces are of three types. They are:
• Muscular force
• Frictional force
• Mechanical force
Non contact force is the force which can be exerted on a body by not
being in contact with it.
Non contact forces are of three types. They are:
• Magnetic force
• Electrostatic force
• Gravitational force
Contact forces

Muscular force – The

force which is applied by
using the muscles of the
body is called the
muscular force.

Eg: Pulling a drawer,

kicking a football, animals
carrying load and pulling
carts.
 Contact forces

Frictional force - The

force between two
surfaces that slow
down the motion of the
object and finally bring
it to rest is called the
frictional force. It
always acts on all
moving objects and its
direction is always
A ball rolling on ground If we stop pedaling a bicycle, it opposite to the
gradually slows down and gradually slows down and comes direction of motion.
comes to rest due to force to a stop due to force of friction.
of friction.
 Contact forces

Mechanical force – The force

produced by a machine is called
mechanical force. It works only
with the energy supplied by
external sources like electricity,
petrol, diesel etc.
Eg: The engine of a vehicle runs
with the help of fuel and makes
Machine used for Car engine the car move.
lifting logs
 Non contact forces

Gravitational force – The force that

acts on us and all the objects
around by which the earth pulls
everything towards itself is called
gravitational force.
Eg: When a stone is thrown
upwards, it comes back to earth.
All the planets, the stars and the
moon in the universe have gravity. Leaves falling Rainfall
towards earth
 Non contact forces

Magnetic force – The force

exerted by magnets on some
magnetic materials and on
each other is called magnetic
force.
Eg: Magnet is used to
separate iron pieces from
scrap.
 Non contact forces

Electrostatic force – The force exerted Charged balloon

by charged body on another charged attracts pieces of
or uncharged body is known as paper
electrostatic force.
Substances with like charges repel
each other and substances with
unlike charges attract each other.
Charged plastic
Eg: A plastic comb rubbed with hair comb attracts
attracts pieces of paper. pieces of paper
 Distance and Displacement

• Distance - The actual  Displacement – The shortest distance

length of the path covered covered by a moving between the initial
by a body. point and the final point in a particular
direction is called displacement.
• It is a scalar quantity.
 It is a vector quantity
• SI unit of distance is metre
denoted by ‘m’.  SI unit of displacement is metre denoted
by ‘m’.
 Distance and Displacement

Example 1:
A car moves from point A to point B then
to point C as shown in the diagram. Find A 800 m B 300 m C
the distance and displacement travelled
by the car

Answer:
Distance = 800 + 300 = 1100 m B
A C
Displacement = 800 + 300 = 1100m
800 m 300 m
1100 m to right or can also written as
1100 m to east.
 Distance and Displacement

Example 2:
A horse runs from point A to point C then
back to point B as shown in the A 600 m B 200 m C
diagram. Find the distance and displacement
travelled by the horse.

Answer:
Distance = 600 + 200 + 200 = 1000 m A B C
Displacement = 600 + 200 – 200 = 600m 600 m 200 m

600 m to right or can also written as 600 m

to east.
 Distance and Displacement

Example 3: C
A man moves from point A to point B due east
and from point B to point C due north. Find the 3m
distance and displacement travelled by the man.
Answer:
Distance = 4 + 3 = 7 m A 4m B
Displacement = AC C
By Pythagoras theorem we know that
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 3m
AC 2 = 4 2 + 3 2
AC 2 = 16 + 9
A 4m B
AC 2 = 25
AC = √25 = 5m in north east direction
 Distance and Displacement

Example 4:
A satellite revolves around the earth is a circular
path. What is the distance and displacement of
the satellite after making one revolution.

Answer:

Distance = Circumference of circle = 2∏r

Displacement = 0 as the initial and final point of

the satellite will be same after completing one
revolution.
 Speed and velocity

• Speed is the distance • Velocity is the distance covered by an

covered by an object in object in unit time in a given direction or
unit time. displacement of an object in unit time.

distance
speed =
time displacement
v elocity=
time

• The SI unit of speed is • The SI unit of speed is metre / sec

metre / sec denoted as denoted as m/s
m/s
Acceleration

Acceleration – The rate of change of velocity of a body with time is called its acceleration.
Initial velocity = u
Final velocity = v
Time taken = t
Acceleration is a vector quantity. The SI unit of acceleration is meter per second square
denoted by m/s2
Acceleration can be positive or negative. Negative acceleration is also known as
deceleration.
 Mass and weight
Mass - The quantity of matter in a body is called its mass. SI unit of mass is
kilogram (kg).
Weight – The weight of the body on the earth is equal to the force with which
the body is attracted towards the earth. SI unit of weight is Newton (N).
W = m x g (g is acceleration due to gravity. The value of g is 9.8 m/ s2)
 F=mxa
Newton’s second law of motion – the acceleration of an object is directly related to
the net force and inversely related to its mass. Acceleration of an object depends on
two things, force and mass.
OR
the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on the object divided by the
object's mass. According to the second law, there is a direct relationship between
force and acceleration and an inverse relationship between mass and acceleration.
This statement is expressed as
a= , By rearranging the above equation, we get
Force = mass x acceleration or F = m x a
 Numericals

1. Calculate the force required for accelerating a body of mass 1000 kg at 5 m/s2
Given data:
Mass (m) = 1000 kg
Acceleration (a) = 5 m/s2
Force = mass x acceleration
Force = 1000 kg x 5m/s2 = 5000 kgm/s2
Force = 5000 N
2. A body of mass 50g accelerates at 15 m /s2. Calculate the force produced.
Given data:
m = 50 g (Convert this into SI unit. SI unit for mass is kg)

therefore, 50 g = kg = 0.05 kg
a = 15 m/s2 F= ? F=mxa
Force = 0.05 kg x 15m/s2 = 0.75 kgm/s2

Force = 0.75 N
3. A speed boat increases its speed from 10 m/s to 20 m/s in 20 seconds.
Calculate the magnitude of its acceleration.
Given data:
Initial velocity (u) = 10 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 20 m/s
Time (t) = 20 s
Acceleration (a) = ?
= = 0.5 m/ s 2 Acceleration = 0.5 m/ s2
4. Which would require a greater force – accelerating a 10 g mass at 5 m/s2 or
a 20 g mass at 2 m/s2 ?
m1 = 10 g = kg = 0.01 kg m2 = 20 g = kg = 0.02 kg

a1 = 5 m/s2 a2 = 2 m/s2

F1 = m 1 x a 1 F2 = m 2 x a 2

F1 = 0.01 x 5 = 0.05 N F2 = 0.02 x 2 = 0.04 N

F1 > F2, Therefore, accelerating a 10 g mass at 5 m/s2 would require a greater force
than accelerating a 20 g mass at 2 m/s2
5. A scooter starting from rest picks up a velocity of 10 m/s in 10 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration of the scooter.
Given data:
Initial velocity (u) = 0
Final velocity (v) = 10 m/s
Time (t) = 10 s
Acceleration (a) = ?
Acceleration = 1 m/ s2
= = 1 m/ s2
6. A car increases its speed from 200 m/s to 400 m/s in 20 minutes.
Calculate its acceleration.
Given data:
Initial velocity (u) = 200 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 400 m/s
Time (t) = 20 min = 20 x 60 sec = 1200 sec
Acceleration (a) = ?
= = 0.166 m/ s2 Acceleration = 0.166 m/ s2
7. A car starts from rest and attains a velocity of 10 m/s in 40 seconds. The driver applies brakes
and slows down the car to 5 m/s in 10 seconds. Find the acceleration of the car in both the cases.
First case, Second case,
Given data: Given data:
Initial velocity (u) = 0 Initial velocity (u) = 10 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 10 m/s Final velocity (v) = 5 m/s
Time (t) = 40 sec Time (t) = 10 sec
Acceleration (a) = ? Acceleration (a) = ?
= 0.25 m/ s2 = - 0.5 m/ s2
 Pressure
• Pressure is the force acting on an unit area of a surface.
•

• If area is less, pressure is more and if area is more, pressure is less

for the same force.
• SI unit of pressure is N/m2 or Pascal (Pa)
 Applications of pressure: (Give reasons)

1. School bags have wide straps.

School bags have wide straps so that the weight of the bag
is distributed over a large area of the shoulder producing
less pressure on the shoulder.
2. It is difficult to cut an apple with blunt knife.
Blunt knife has more area of contact with the surface as
compared to sharp knife. When same force is applied on
both the knives, the sharp knife exerts greater pressure and
blunt knife exerts lesser pressure. More force has to be
exerted on blunt knife to generate enough pressure to cut
the apple.
3. Animals like camels can walk easily in deserts as
compared to horses.
Because camels have broad feet (larger area) which exerts
less pressure on the sandy ground and prevents the feet
from sinking into the sand.

4. Porters place a thick, round piece of cloth on their

heads when they have to carry heavy loads.
By this they increase the area of contact of the load with
their head. So, the pressure on their head is reduced and
they find it easier to carry the load.
5. Skiers use long flat skis to slide over snow.
The larger the area of contact, the lesser the pressure on the
snow helping the skier to slide over snow without sinking in it.

6. An inflated balloon is able to withstand more pressure that is

applied by hands and not by a small pin.
The area of contact of pin is very less as compared to hands.
When same amount of force is applied in both the cases, a
greater pressure is exerted by pin there by bursting the balloon.
 Numericals

1. A force of 500 N acts on an area of 0.05 m2. Find the pressure.

Given data -
Force (F) = 500 N
Area (a) = 0.05 m2
Pressure (P) = ?
= = 10000 N/m2
Pressure = 10000 Pa
2. What force will produce a pressure of 50000 Pa on an area
of 0.2 m2?
Given data -
Pressure (P) = 50000 Pa
Area (a) = 0.2 m2
Force (F) = ?

F = P x A = 50000 x 0.2 = 10000 N Force = 10000 N

3. Calculate the area of a body which experiences a pressure of 60000 Pa by a
force of 120N.
Given data -
Pressure (P) = 60000 Pa
Force (F) = 120 N
Area (A) = ?

= = 0.002 m2 Area = 0.002 m2

4. If a boy applies a force of 16 N on an area of 16 cm2, what will be the
pressure produced by him?
Given data -
Force (F) = 16 N 1 cm = m
1 cm x 1 cm = m x m
Area (A) = 16 cm2 (Needs to converted to SI unit)
1cm2 = m2
= 16 x m2 = 0.0016m2
Pressure (P) = ?
= = 10000 N/m2
Pressure = 10000 Pa
 Liquid pressure – Pressure exerted by the liquids.

• Liquid exerts pressure on

the walls of the container
(lateral pressure).

• Liquid pressure increases

as the height of its
column increases.
 Pressure exerted by liquids

• Liquids exert the same pressure at the same depth.

• Liquid pressure depends on the density of the liquid.

P = d x g x h (d = density of fluid, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = depth of
the fluid) (density = mass/volume)
 Pascal’s law

• French physicist Blaise Pascal explained the transmission of

pressure in liquids.
• According to Pascal’s law, the pressure exerted at any point on
an encloses liquid is transmitted equally in all directions.
• Pascal’s law can be demonstrated with the help of the glass
vessel having holes all over its surface. Fill it with water. Push
the piston. The water rushes out of the holes in the vessel
with the same pressure. The force applied on the piston
exerts pressure on water. This pressure is transmitted equally
throughout the liquid in all directions.
 Give reasons

1. Why divers diving in deep sea wear atmospheric diving suits?

Deep sea divers encounter very high pressure exerted by sea water. Human
body cannot tolerate such high pressure and person can die. To withstand
such high pressure, diving suits are worn.
2. Angler fish’s eyes pop out when brought to the surface.
Angler fish is a deep sea fish. If it is caught and brought to the surface, it dies
and its eyes pop out due to reduced pressure near the surface. The high
internal pressure of the fish balances the high pressure of the water outside
in the deep sea. Once it is taken out, the pressure outside becomes lower
than the internal pressure and its eyes pop out.
 Buoyancy

The property of a fluid to exert an

upward force on a body that is
wholly or partly submerged in it is
called as buoyancy. It keeps things
afloat.
 Atmospheric pressure

• The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the surface of earth

is called atmospheric pressure. Air exerts pressure in all the
directions.
• The air in the atmosphere reaches up to a height of nearly 30
km, exerting a lot of pressure on the earth.
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by barometer.
• Liquid pressure is measured by manometer.
 Applications of atmospheric pressure

1. Rubber suction pads are used to hang clothes and calendars

on walls.
Because air is pushed away from the space between the suction
pad and wall and creates an area of low pressure. The enormous
atmospheric pressure acts on the suction pad from the outside
and pushes is against the wall.

2. Our nose bleeds at high altitudes.

At high altitudes atmospheric pressure is very low. The pressure
inside the body is higher than the pressure outside and may
cause bursting of blood vessels resulting in nose bleeding.
 Applications of atmospheric pressure

Straw - When a person suck through the straw, the

pressure in the straw become low. The atmospheric
pressure outside which is higher will force the water into
the straw and consequently into the mouth.

Astronauts wear special pressurized suits as there is no air

and hence no atmospheric pressure in outer space.
 Questions for the chapter: In PHYSICS CLASS WORK

 Define the following : (with their formula and SI units where ever required) (slide no 6-11)
Force.
Physical quantities, Scalar quantities and vector quantities.
Distance and Displacement. (slide no 29)
Speed and Velocity.
Acceleration.
Mass and Weight.
 What are the effects of force? (slide no 12)
 What is net force/ resultant force? (Copy the numericals also Slide no 15,16, 20,21)
 What are contact and non-contact force? Explain their types. (slide no 22-28)
 State Newton’s second law of motion. (slide no 37)
 Numericals (slide no 38-44)
 Define pressure. (slide no. 45)
 Give reasons. (slide no. 46-48)
 Numericals (slide no. 49-52)

 What is liquid pressure? (slide no. 53, 54)

 Explain Pascal’s law with a neat labelled diagram. (slide no.55)
 Give reasons. (slide no. 56)
 What is buoyancy? (slide no 57)
 What is atmospheric pressure? Write its application. (give reason type questions slide no. 58-60)
 Copy the following questions at the end of the chapter (in CW):

1. Why is it easier to push a nail into a wooden plank through its pointed end?
It is easier to push a nail into a wooden door through its pointed end than through its blunt end, because small
area of the pointed end helps in creating more pressure and it becomes easier to insert the nail.

2. A man exerts a pressure of 14 Pa by applying a force of 42 N on a box. Calculate the area over which the
force is applied.

Pressure (P) = 14 Pa
Force (F) = 42 N
Area (A) = ?

= = 3 m2
3. Calculate the force applied on an area of 136 cm2 to exert a pressure of 17 Pa.
Given data -
Pressure (P) = 17 Pa
Area (A) = 136 cm2 (Needs to converted to SI unit)
= 136 x m2 = 0.0136m2
Force (F) = ?

F = P x A = 17 x 0.0136 = 0.2312 N
 Experiment to be written in Record book:
EXPERIMENT NO 1 -
• On the ruled side, write the heading as Experiment 1 – Electrostatic force
• Write the date and page number.
• You need to write
 Aim – To demonstrate the effect of electrostatic force.
 Materials required
 Procedure
 Observation
 Inference
• Draw a neat and labelled diagram on left side of record book.
 EXPERIMENT NO 2 -

• On the ruled side, write the heading as Experiment 2 - Liquid pressure increases with depth.
• Write the date and page number.
• You need to write
 Aim – To demonstrate that as the depth increases, liquid pressure also increases.
 Materials required
 Procedure
 Observation – Water from lowest hole flows with greatest force and from the top hole
with the least force.
 Inference – Liquid pressure increases with depth.
• Draw a neat and labelled diagram on left side of record book. (can copy the diagram from
slide no. 53)