APPLICATIONS OF

DERIVATIVES
Presented by group 4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02

Related rates Linear Approxiamtions and

(ứng dụng đạo hàm vào bài Differential (Ứng dụng vào
toán related rates) xấp xỉ tuyến tính và vi phân)
01
Related rates
(ứng dụng đạo hàm vào bài
toán related rates)
PROBLEM 1:
A spherical balloon is being filled with air at the constant rate of 2 cm 3/ sec. How
fast is the radius increasing when the radius is 3cm?
HOW TO SOLVE A RELATED-RATES PROBLEM

1. Assign symbols to all variables involved in the problem. Draw a figure if applicable.

2. State, in terms od the variables, the information that is given & the rate to be determined.

3. Find an equation relating the variables in step 1.

4. Using the chain rule, differentiate both sides of the equation found in step 3 with respect to
the independent variable. This new equation will relate the derivatives.

5. Substitute all known values into the equation from step 4, then solve for the unknown rate of
change.
PROBLEM 2:
An airplane is flying overhead at a constant elevation of 4000 ft. A man is viewing the plane
from a position 3000 ft from the base of a radio tower. The airplane is flying horizontally away
from the man. If the plane is flying at the rate of 600 ft/sec, at what rate is the distance between
the man and the plane increasing when the plane passes over the radio tower?
 Step 1:
x: the distance between the man & the position on the ground below the airplane.
s: The distance between the man and the plane.
 Step 2:
The distance between the plane and the point on the ground under the plane = a = 4000ft.
dx/dt represents the speed of the plane (=600 ft/sec).
=> Problem: Find ds/dt when x = 3000 ft?
Step 3:
Using the Pythagorean theorem:
[x(t)]2+ 40002 = [s(t)]2
Step 4:

Differentiating the equation with respect to time:

([x(t)]2+ 40002)’= ([s(t)]2)’
 2x * + 0 = 2s *
 x* =s*
 Step 5:
a = 4000ft
s = 3000ft
dx/dt = 600ft/sec
------------------------
ds/dt = ?
Using the Pythagorean theorem:
30002 + 40002 = s2
=> s = 5000(ft)
Replace x, dx/dt and s in the previous equation:
=> 3000 * 600 = 5000 * ds/dt
=> ds/dt = (3000*60)/5000 = 360(ft/sec)
02
Linear Approxiamtions and
Differential (Ứng dụng vào xấp
xỉ tuyến tính và vi phân)
 Linear Approximation of a Function at a Point
Consider a function f that is differentiable at a point x=a. The tangent line to the
graph of f at a is a given by the equation:

y = f(a) + f’(a) * (x-a)

Ex: Consider the function f(x) = 1/x at a = 2.

Since f is differentiable at x = 2 and f’(x) = -1/x2
=> f’(2) = -1/4
Þ The tangent line to the graph of f at a = 2 is given by the equation

Y = ½ - ¼(x-2)
 Linear Approximation of a Function at a Point
The figure below shows a graph of f(x) = 1/x along with the tangent line to f at x = 2. Note that for x near 2,
the graph of the tangent line is close to the graph of f. As a result, we can use the equation of the tangent line
to approximate f(x) for x near 2.
 Linear Approximation of a Function at a Point
For example, if x = 2.1,the y value of the corresponding point on the tangent line is
y= 1/2 -1/4(2.1 – 2) = 0.475
The actual value of f(2.1) is given by
y = 1/2.1 ≈ 0. 47619
 Linear Approximation of a Function at a Point
However, if x = 10,the y value of the corresponding point on the tangent line is
y= 1/2 -1/4(10 – 2) = -1.5
While The actual value of f(10) is given by
y = 1/10 ≈ 0. 1
Linear Approximation of a Function at a Point
 Linear Approximation of a Function at a Point

The linear approximation is given by

L(x) = f(9) + f’(9) * (x-9)
We have : f(x) = => f(9) = = 3
f’(x) = 1/(2) => f’(9) = 1/(2) = 1/6
Therefore, the linear approximation is
L(x) = 3 + 1/6(x-9)
Using the linear approximation, we can estimate by
= f(9.1) ≈ L(9.1) = 3 + 1/6 (9.1 – 9) ≈ 3.0167
 Differentials
We have seen that linear approximations can be used to estimate function values. They can also be
used to estimate the amount a function value changes as a result of a small change in the input. To
discuss this more formally, we define a related concept: differentials. Differentials provide us with a way
of estimating the amount a function changes as a result of a small change in input values.

EX: Suppose y = f(x) is a differentiable function. Let dx be an independent variable that can be assigned
any nonzero real number, and define the dependent variables by
dy = f′(x)dx
It is important to notice that dy is a function of both x and dx. The expressions dy and dx are called
differentials. We can divide both sides of the equation by dx, which yields
dy/dx = f′(x)
 Differentials
If x changes from a to a + dx, then the change in x is dx(also denoted Δx), and the change in y is given
by
Δy = f(a + dx) − f(a)
For x near a, f(x) can be approximated by the linear approximation
L(x) = f(a) + f′(a) * (x−a)
Therefore, if dx is small,
f(a+dx) ≈ L(a+dx) = f(a) + f′(a) * (a+dx−a)
=> f(a+dx) − f(a) ≈ L(a+dx) − f(a) = f′(a)dx
In other words, the actual change in the function f if x increases from a to a+dx is approximately the
difference between L(a+dx) and (a), where L(x) is the linear approximation of f at a. In summary,
Δy = f(a+dx) − f(a) ≈ L(a+dx) − f(a) = f′(a)dx = dy
 Calculating the Amount of Error

Consider a function f with an input that is a measured quantity. Suppose the exact value of the measured
quantity is a, but the measured value is a+dx. We say the measurement error is dx (or Δx). As a result,
an error occurs in the calculated quantity f(x). This type of error is known as a propagated error and is
given by
Δy=f(a+dx)−f(a)
Specifically,if f is a differentiable function at a, the propagated error is
Δy ≈ dy = f′(a)dx
We can use the measured value a+dx, and estimate
Δy ≈ dy ≈ f′(a+dx)dx
 Calculating the Amount of Error
Given an absolute error Δq for a particular quantity, we define the relative error as Δq/q, where q is the
actual value of the quantity. The percentage error is the relative error expressed as a percentage

EX: Suppose we measure the height of a ladder to be 63in, while the actual measure is 62in.
=> The relative error is 1/62 = 0.016, or 1.6%.
 Calculating the Amount of Error
EX:

Solution:
If the error is within 80 mi, we have
−80≤dr≤80
Since the volume of a sphere is given by V = (4/3), we have
dV=4πr2dr
Using the measured radius of 4000 mi, we can estimate
−4π(4000)2 *(80)≤dV≤4π(4000)2 *(80)
 Calculating the Amount of Error
EX:

Solution:

Therefore the relative error satisfies

=>
THANKS!

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