BASIC

ELECTRONIC
S

By Sagidolla Batay
PhD. Assistant Professor
TABLE OF CONTENT:

Basic Electronics concept

List of Components
Basic Electronics Concept:
• Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy,
energy which the electrons have a fundamental role.
• Its also deals with electrical circuits that involve active
electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistor,
diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive
electrical components and interconnection technologies.
• You will work with a number of basic electronic
components when building electronic circuits, including
resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and integrated
circuits. Here is a brief overview of the functions of each
of these basic electronic components.
List of components
• Resistor
• Capacitor
• Diode
• Light Emitting Diode(LED)
• Transistor
• Inductor
• Integrated Circuits (ICs)
RESISTOR CAPACITOR INDUCTOR
A RESISTOR IS A PASSIVE TWO -TERMINAL
ELECTRICAL COMPONENT THAT IMPLEMENTS
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE AS A CIRCUIT ELEMENT.

THE RATIO OF THE VOLTAGE APPLIED ACROSS A

RESISTOR'S TERMINALS TO THE INTENSITY OF CURRENT
THROUGHTHE CIRCUIT IS CALLED RESISTANCE.

 THIS RELATION IS REPRESENTED BY OHM'S

LAW:

V=IR
 UNIT SYMBOL
 THE OHM (SYMBOL: Ω) IS THE SI UNIT
OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE, NAMED AFTER
GEORG SIMON OHM.

 AN OHM IS EQUIVALENT TO A VOLT PER

AMPERE

 OTHER DERIVED UNITS ARE MILLI OHM (1 MΩ =

10−3 Ω), KILO OHM (1 KΩ = 103 Ω), AND MEGA OHM (1
MΩ
= 106 Ω).

FIXED RESISTOR VARIABLE RESISTOR

 T Y P E S OF R E S I S T OR

RESISTOR

FIXED RESISTOR VARIABLE RESISTOR

FIXED RESISTOR VARIABLE RESISTOR
CARBON COMPOSITE
 RHEOSTAT
RESISTOR
 POTENTIOMETER
FILM RESISTOR
 THERMISTOR
WIRE WOUND
RESISTOR  HUMISTOR

 RESISTANCE
 VARISTOR
WIRE
 PHOTORESISTOR
 CARBON COMPOSITE
RESISTOR
LOW INDUCTANCE

IDEAL FOR HIGH

FREQUENCY
APPLICATIONS

 VERY CHEAP TO MAKE

HAVE VERY
LARGE
TOLERANCES
 FILM RESISTOR

THE RESISTIVE VALUE OF THE

RESISTOR IS CONTROLLED BY
INCREASING THE DESIRED
THICKNESS OF THE DEPOSITED
FILM.

RESISTANE UPTO 10MΩ CAN

BE OBTAINED.

HAVE TOLERANCE 1% OR
LESS
 WIRE WOUND R E S IS TOR
MADE BY WINDING A THIN
METAL ALLOY WIRE ONTO AN
INSULATING CERAMIC FORMER
IN THE FORM OF A SPIRAL
HELIX

AVAILABLE IN VERY LOW

OHMIC AND HIGH
PRECISION VALUES
(FROM 0.01 TO 100KΩ)
 RHEOSTAT

RHEOSTAT IS A ADJUSTABLE
RESISTOR USED IN
APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE
ADJUSTMENT OF CURRENT
OR VARYING OF RESISTANCE IN
AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

A SPECIAL TYPE OF RHEOSTAT

IS THE POTENTIOMETER
 POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is, a pot, in electronics

technology is a three-terminal resistor
with a sliding contact that forms an
adjustable voltage divider.

Potentiometers are commonly used

to control electrical devices such as
volume controls, joysticks etc.
 THE R MI S TOR

A thermistor is a type
Of resistor whose resistance varies
significantly
With temperature

Thermistors can be used as current-

limiting devices for circuit protection, as
replacements for fuses
 VA R I S T O R
A VARISTOR (OR VOLTAGE DEPENDENT RESISTOR )
FUNCTION IS TO CONDUCT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED
CURRENT WHEN VOLTAGE IS EXCESSIVE.

HIGH VOLTAGE
 PHOTORESISTOR

A PHOTORESISTOR OR LIGHT
DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)
EXHIBITS
PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY.

PHOTORESISTORS IN MANY
CONSUMER ITEMS SUCH AS
STREET LIGHTS, CLOCK
RADIOS, ALARM DEVICES ETC
TYPES OF
RESISTOR
 S E R I E S CONNECTION

IN SERIES CONNECTION, THE CURRENT REMAINS

CONSTANT.
(i.e. I = I1 = I2 = …. = I n )

IN SERIES CONNECTION, VOLTAGE ADDS UP.

(i.e. V = V1 + V2 + …. + Vn)
PA R A L L E L CONNECTION

IN PARALLEL CONNECTION, THE VOLTAGE REMAINS

CONSTANT.
(i.e. V = V1 = V2 = …. = Vn)

 IN PARALLEL CONNECTION, CURRENT ADDS UP.

(i.e. I = I1 + I2 + …. + I n )
 RESISTOR VALUE = XY * Z ± TOLERANCE

EXAMPLE:-

FIND THE RESISTANCE OF

THE GIVEN RESISTOR ?
 COLOUR CODE TABLE
COLOUR DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
BLACK 0 10 0 -
BROWN 1 10 1 ± 1%
RED 2 10 2 ± 2%
ORANGE 3 10 3 -
YELLOW 4 10 4 -
GREEN 5 10 5 ± 0.5%
BLUE 6 10 6 ± 0.25%
VIOLET 7 10 7 ± 0.1%
GREY 8 10 8 -
WHITE 9 10 9 -
GOLD - 10 -1 ± 5%
SILVER - 10 -2 ± 10%
NONE - - ± 15%
R E S IS TOR POWER RATIN G

THE POWER RATING OF RESISTORS CAN BE

CALCULATED USING THE FORMULA :-

THE LARGER THE POWER RATING, THE GREATER THE

PHYSICAL SIZE OF THE RESISTOR.

WHEN USED IN AC CIRCUITS THE AC IMPEDANCE OF A

RESISTOR IS EQUAL TO ITS DC RESISTANCE.
•CAPACITOR
What is the
capacitor?

The capacitor is
passive device
consists of tow
plats and
separated by an
insulator
material.
Reason for use the
capacitor in the circuit
is a storage the
energy.

The Symbol of
Capacitor
The Unity of Measurement The
Capacitor
Connection of capacitor in series

 Equivalent Ci rc
uI t
 Formula
 Examples
Connection of capacitor in parallel

 Equivalent Circuit
 Formula
 Examples
Combination of capacitor in series and parallel

 Equivalent
circuit.
 Examples.
Charging the capacitor (curve).
Charging
Discharging the capacitor (curve)
• Discharging
How we can make a simple
capacitor?
 What are the
materials that we
will use to make a
simple capacitor?
 How we can make it
?
Different Types Of Capacitors
Reading Values of capacitance
Capacitors
 Working Of Capacitors

Storing a charge between the plates

• Electrons on the left plate

are attracted toward the
positive terminal of the + _
voltage source
• This leaves an excess of
positively charged
holes
• The electrons are pushed
toward the right plate
• Excess electrons leave a -
negative charge +
Working Of Capacitors
Fixed And Variable Capacitors
Induct
or
 Inductors
• Definition: An inductor is a passive electronic component
that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
• In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or
coil. The inductance is directly proportional to the number
of turns in the coil.
• Inductance also depends on the radius of the coil and on the
type of material around which the coil is wound.
Inducto
r
 Magnetism
• Any material possessing the property of magnetism is a
magnet.
• Every magnet has both a north (N) pole and a south (S)
pole.
• Just as “like” electric charges repel each other and “unlike”
charges attract, “like” magnetic poles repel each other and
“unlike” poles attract.
 Magnetic Field In Current Carrying
Conductor
• A magnetic filed is associated with a moving charge.
• When current passes through a conductor, charges are
moving and so magnetic filed is created around it.
Magnetic Field In Current Carrying
Conductor
Magnetic Field In Current Carrying
Conductor
 Types of Inductor Fixed Inductor

There are many types of inductors ; all differ in size, core material, type of
windings, etc. so they are used in wide range of applications. The
maximum capacity of the inductor gets specified by the type of core
material and the number of turns on coil.
Depending on the value, inductors typically exist in two forms, fixed and
variable. .The number of turns of the fixed coil remains the same. This
type is like resistors in shape and they can be distinguished by the fact
that the first color band in fixed inductor is always silver. They are usually
used in electronic equipment as in radios, communication apparatus,
electronic testing instruments, etc.
Ferromagnetic Core Inductor or Iron-core In

• This type uses ferromagnetic materials such as ferrite or

iron in manufacturing the inductor for increasing the
inductance. Due to the high magnetic permeability of
these materials, inductance can be increased in response
of increasing the magnetic field.
• At high frequencies it suffers from core loses, energy
loses, that happens in ferromagnetic cores
• FERRITE CORE – For tuned circuits at Higher
Frequencies.
 Air Core
Inductor

• Air cored inductor is the type where no solid core exists inside
the coils. In addition, the coils that wound on nonmagnetic
materials such as ceramic and plastic, are also considered as air
cored. This type does not use magnetic materials in its
construction.
• The main advantage of this form of inductors is that, at high
magnetic field strength, they have a minimal signal loss. On the
other hand, they need a bigger number of turns to get the same
inductance that the solid cored inductors would produce. They
are free of core losses because they are not depending on a
solid core.
 Toroidal Core Inductor

• Toroidal Inductor constructs of a circular ring-formed magnetic

core that characterized by it is magnetic with high permeability
material like iron powder, for which the wire wounded to get
inductor. It works pretty well in AC electronic circuits' application.
• The advantage of this type is that, due to its symmetry, it has a
minimum loss in magnetic flux; therefore it radiates less
electromagnetic interference near circuits or devices.
Electromagnetic interference is very important in electronics
that require high frequency and low power.
 Laminated Core
Inductor

• This form gets typified by its stacks made with thin steel sheets,
on top of each other designed to be parallel to the magnetic
field covered with insulating paint on the surface; commonly on
oxide finish. It aims to block the eddy currents between steel
sheets of stacks so the current keeps flowing through its sheet
and minimizing loop area for which it leads to great decrease in
the loss of energy. Laminated core inductor is also a low
frequency inductor. It is more suitable and used in transformer
applications.
• LAMINATED RON CORE – used for Low Frequencies.
 Powdered Iron
Core

• Its core gets constructed by using magnetic materials that get

characterized by its distributed air gaps. This gives the advantage
to the core to store a high level of energy comparing to other
types. In addition, very good inductance stability is gained with
low losses in eddy current and hysteresis. Moreover, it has the
lowest cost alternative.
• POWDERED RON CORE – used for Low Frequencies
Working Of Inductor
Home made Inductor
Inductor Genre tar
Where Inductors are used ?
Diode :

• A diode is defined as a two-terminal electronic

component that only conducts current in one direction (so
long as it is operated within a specified voltage level). An
ideal diode will have zero resistance in one direction, and
infinite resistance in the reverse direction.
Diode circuit protection

In an electronic circuit, if the polarity is wrong, you can fry

your components.

Diodes have a
bar on the
cathode
(negative) side.
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Light Emitting Diode: (LED)

• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source that emits light when current flows through
it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color
of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross
the band gap of the semiconductor.
Transistor:
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.
• A transistor is a three-terminal device. Namely,
Base: This is responsible for activating the transistor.
Collector: This is the positive lead.
Emitter: This is the negative lead.
Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of transistors that is
the controller or ‘brain’ of an electronic circuit.
 An input is received, an output is sent out.

Modern microprocessor ICs can have billions of

transistors per square inch! 66
Printed Circuit Board

 Components are attached to a

printed circuit board.
 The ‘front’ side of the board will have
printed component information, such
as resistor # and resistance, diode
type and polarity, etc.
 Holes go all the way through the
board from one side to the other.
Through- hole soldering is needed
to connect components to the board.
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 Back of Circuit Board
 The ‘back’ side of the board will have lines indicating
connections between components. The lines on
the back are similar to wires.
 Thicker lines denote more current (electrons) moving
through.
 Components connect the lines.

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