BENGALURU-560091

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technology University,

Belgaum,Karnataka)

DEPARTMENT OF UE
Elements of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
AUES1103
Frequency modulation

Submitted By
Kiran JN 1EW24UE015-t
Harsha DN 1EW24UE009-t
Revanth 1EW24UE027-t
Tejas DP 1EW24UE032-t
C
Frequency Modulation:
The Essence of Analog
Communication
This presentation delves into the fascinating world of frequency
modulation (FM), a fundamental concept in analog communication.
We'll explore the core principles, advantages, applications, and
future trends of this essential technology.

C
Wave Form of Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation Key Characteristics

In Frequency Modulation (FM), the frequency of the FM signals exhibit a constant amplitude and varying
carrier wave is varied in proportion to the amplitude of frequency. The frequency deviation, or the amount of
the modulating signal. This means that the frequency change in frequency, is directly proportional to the
of the carrier wave changes as the amplitude of the amplitude of the modulating signal. The higher the
modulating signal changes, while the amplitude of the amplitude of the modulating signal, the greater the
carrier wave remains constant. frequency deviation. This is what makes FM a robust
communication system as noise is less noticeable.

C
Expression of Frequency Modulation
s(t) = A * cos(2 * pi * (fc + fm * m(t)) * t)

Where:

• s(t) is the modulated signal

• A is the amplitude of the carrier wave
• fc is the carrier frequency
• fm is the frequency deviation constant
• m(t) is the modulating signal
• t is time

This equation captures the essence of FM, highlighting the relationship between the modulating signal and the
carrier wave's frequency.

C
Difference Between AM
and FM
1 AM: Amplitude 2 FM: Frequency
Modulation Modulation
In AM, the amplitude of In FM, the frequency of
the carrier wave is varied the carrier wave is varied
in proportion to the in proportion to the
amplitude of the amplitude of the
modulating signal. The modulating signal. The
frequency of the carrier amplitude of the carrier
wave remains constant. wave remains constant.

3 Key Differences
AM signals are more susceptible to noise and interference,
while FM signals are more resistant to noise and
interference. FM signals also have a wider bandwidth,
meaning they can carry more information.
C
Understanding the Basics of Frequency Modulation
Modulating Signal Carrier Wave Modulated Signal
The modulating signal is the The carrier wave is a high-frequency The modulated signal is the result of
information that you want to wave that is used to carry the combining the modulating signal
transmit. It could be audio, data, or modulating signal. The frequency of with the carrier wave. The frequency
any other type of signal. the carrier wave is typically much of the modulated signal varies in
higher than the frequency of the proportion to the amplitude of the
modulating signal. modulating signal.

C
The Mathematical
Foundation of FM

Sine Wave Carrier Wave Frequency

Deviation
The modulating The carrier wave is
signal is often also a sine wave, The frequency
represented by a but it has a much deviation is the
sine wave. The higher frequency amount of change
frequency of the than the modulating in frequency of the
sine wave signal. The carrier wave. The
determines the amplitude of the frequency deviation
frequency of the carrier wave is is proportional to
modulated signal. constant. the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Frequency Modulation
1 Advantages
Higher fidelity, more robust against noise and
interference, wider bandwidth, less power required
for transmission.

2 Disadvantages
More complex to generate and demodulate, higher
bandwidth requirements, limited range compared to
AM.
Applications of Frequency
Modulation in Audio and Radio
Radio Broadcasting
FM is the dominant technology for commercial radio
broadcasting, offering high-fidelity audio and reduced
interference. It's crucial for delivering music, news, and other
entertainment.

Mobile Phones
While primarily using digital technology, some mobile phone
systems employ FM for audio transmission, extending the
device's functionalities beyond voice communication.

Wireless Communication Systems

FM finds its way into numerous wireless systems, from cordless
phones to remote control devices, transmitting data or control
signals over short distances.

C
Modulation Techniques:
Wideband and
Narrowband FM
Wideband FM
Wideband FM utilizes a larger frequency deviation, resulting in
a wider bandwidth and higher fidelity. It's commonly used in
radio broadcasting and some wireless communication
systems.
Narrowband FM
Narrowband FM employs a smaller frequency deviation,
leading to a narrower bandwidth and lower fidelity. It's
suitable for applications where bandwidth is limited, such
as some two-way radio systems and cordless phones.

C
Future Developments and
Emerging Trends in FM Technology

1 2
AI-Enhanced FM IoT Integration
Integrating artificial intelligence into FM FM is poised to play a crucial role in the
systems promises to revolutionize signal Internet of Things, enabling reliable and
processing, noise reduction, and overall efficient communication between smart
efficiency. devices.

3
Hybrid FM/Digital Systems
Blending FM with digital technologies
presents a path toward more robust and
versatile communication systems,
enhancing both bandwidth and fidelity.
Thank
you